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Pulse Or Digital Communications > Transmitters TransmittersTransmitters patent applications listed are from June 2005 to current and include Date, Patent Application Number, Patent Title, Patent Abstract summary and are linked to the corresponding patent application page.11/22/07 - 20070268986 - Wireless communication device In a communication method such as IEEE 802.11a that uses a short training sequence, a wireless receiver must complete AGC, synchronization establishment and the like in the short training sequence period, and perform AFC is the remaining short training sequence period. With the present invention, a wireless transmitter varies the ... 11/01/07 - 20070253509 - Data transfer device A data transfer apparatus receives from an upper station a data stream that includes a plurality of types of repeat data, each type of repeat data being repeatedly transmitted by the upper station, and transfers the repeat data to a lower station, the data transfer apparatus including a storage unit ... 10/25/07 - 20070248183 - Digital broadcasting transmission/reception system having improved receiving performance and signal processing method thereof A digital broadcasting transmission/reception system having improved receiving performance and signal processing method thereof. A digital broadcasting transmitter according to the present invention includes a data pre-processor which processed robust data and generates robust data packet of predetermined format, a TS stream generator which combines robust data packet with a ... 10/18/07 - 20070242771 - Transmitting apparatus and method, receiving apparatus and method, program and recording medium, and transmitting/receiving system A receiving processing unit receives identical SD pictures transmitted a plurality of number of times, and performs addition for weighting an SD picture stored in a storage and the received SD pictures. The receiving processing unit stores the obtained values as a new SD picture in the storage. A picture-quality ... 10/11/07 - 20070237257 - Wireless local area network apparatus A wireless local area network apparatus includes a transmitter and a receiver in which operation of the receiver is accurately synchronized with periodic signals from the transmitter. The periodic signals contain timing data indicating the state of a timer in the transmitter at the time the signal containing that data ... 10/11/07 - 20070237255 - System and method for efficient rectangular to polar signal conversion using cordic algorithm A system and method is provided for converting an input signal from a sequence of rectangular coordinate pairs to a sequence of polar coordinate pairs. The input signal includes a sequence of input vectors each including a pair of rectangular coordinates. A plurality of N input registers is configured to ... 10/04/07 - 20070230613 - Data transmission apparatus and communication system using a constellation rearrangement A hybrid ARQ retransmission method in a communication system, wherein data packets being encoded with a forward error correction (FEC) technique prior to transmission, are retransmitted based on an automatic repeat request and subsequently soft-combined with previously received erroneous data packets either on a symbol-by-symbol or a bit-by-bit basis The ... 10/04/07 - 20070230612 - Apparatus, system, and method for amplitude-phase synchronization in polar transmitter A modulation path synchronization apparatus in a polar transmitter includes a modulation path to receive a training waveform, a detector coupled to the modulation path, and a processor coupled to the detector. The detector is to detect a modulated training waveform. The processor is to determine a delay between the ... 10/04/07 - 20070230611 - Apparatus and method of differential iq frequency up-conversion A balanced transmitter up-converts I and Q baseband signals directly from baseband-to-RF. The up-conversion process is sufficiently linear that no IF processing is required, even in communications applications that have stringent requirements on spectral growth. In operation, the balanced modulator sub-harmonically samples the I and Q baseband signals in a ... 09/27/07 - 20070223620 - System and method for broadcasting data over a wireless network A system and method for broadcasting content data to a plurality of mobile devices is disclosed. The content data may be video, image, or audio data, for example. The content data is arranged into data blocks, and each data block is broadcast using an initial set of rateless transmission symbols. ... 09/20/07 - 20070217542 - Carrier-envelope phase shift using linear media The carrier-envelope phase in a train of optical pulses is varied utilizing the dispersive properties of lossless plates while the total dispersion in transmission is maintained practically constant. The plates include sloped surfaces and are mounted for displacement such that the ratio of the thicknesses of the two plates through ... 09/13/07 - 20070211819 - All digital implementation of clock spectrum spreading (dither) for low power/die area A digital circuit configured to spread a clock train spectrum includes a clock configured to generate the clock train, and a variable divider configured to divide the frequency of the clock train by a temporally-varying-divider value to modulate the clock train and generate a dithered clock train. The circuit further ... 09/13/07 - 20070211817 - Computer numerical control wireless transmission system A computer numerical control (CNC) wireless transmission system comprises a direct numerical control (DNC) server, which converts the numerical control program to the radio data for transmission. The DNC server connects to an access point, which has an antenna for the transmission of the numerical control data in radio frequency. ... 09/06/07 - 20070206702 - Modulation device for a transmission path, method for signal processing in a transmission path, and transmission path having the modulation device A modulation device includes a signal input for receiving a data stream to be modulated and a first and a second signal output. At least one first complex component is derived from the data stream in a coding device. A first and a second high-frequency signal are output via the ... 09/06/07 - 20070206701 - Rfid reader with digital waveform encoding and digital decoding A Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) reader according to one embodiment of the present invention includes a first microprocessor acting as a controller, and a second microprocessor, e.g., DSP, in communication with the first microprocessor, the second microprocessor generating a digitally synthesized waveform. A converter converts the digitally synthesized waveform to ... 08/30/07 - 20070201578 - Method and system for enabling detection of signals in the presence of noise A method for transmitting data to a receiver comprises the steps of transmitting a pre-conditioning signal to the receiver, and beginning to transmit at least one data packet to the receiver within a given period after beginning transmission of the pre-conditioning signal. The preconditioning signal is separate from a leader ... 08/16/07 - 20070189415 - Frequency-division multiplexing transceiver apparatus and method In a frequency-division multiplexing transmission apparatus for transmitting data in a frequency spectrum specific to a mobile station, a chip-dividing unit divides each symbol of a transmission-symbol sequence into chips; a first phase rotation unit performs π/2 phase rotation for the odd-numbered chips of the divided chips; a chip-repetition and ... 08/16/07 - 20070189413 - Wireless communication system using a single trace for transmitting signals A wireless communication system includes an antenna, a receiving module, a power source, and a power control hub. The power control hub includes an amplifier having a first end coupled to the receiving module and a second end coupled to the power source. The amplifier generates a first output signal ... 07/12/07 - 20070160164 - Digital transmitters for wireless communication Digital transmitters having improved characteristics are described. In one design of a digital transmitter, a first circuit block receives inphase and quadrature signals, performs conversion from Cartesian to polar coordinates, and generates magnitude and phase signals. A second circuit block (which may include a delta-sigma modulator or a digital filter) ... 07/12/07 - 20070160163 - Apparatus and method for transmitting or receiving data A bit adding part acquires RSSI as measured by an RSSI measuring part, and adds “1” to each bit of protected audio data of an audio vocoder, if the acquired RSSI is smaller than a predetermined threshold value. If the acquired RSSI is equal to or greater than the predetermined ... 07/05/07 - 20070153936 - Digitally convertible radio A forward link transmitter in a sectored cell includes a baseband processor having traditional baseband signal digital processing circuitry in addition to including a digital hybrid matrix (vector and delay compensated transformation module) whose phase and amplitude (vector) and delay may be adjusted to compensate for downstream errors that are ... 06/28/07 - 20070147540 - Systems and methods for implementing receiver transparent q-mode In a receiver transparent Q-mode, i.e., a Q-mode that is only implemented by a transmitter, the receiver is unaware of the Q-mode state of the transmitter. In this type of Q-mode configuration, the transmitter could enter and exit Q-mode as desired while the receiver, could, for example, continue to function ... 06/28/07 - 20070147539 - Hierarchical coding for multicast messages Techniques for sending signaling information using hierarchical coding are described. With hierarchical coding, individual messages for users are encoded using multiple interconnected encoders such that (1) the message for each user is sent at a data rate suitable for that user and (2) a single multicast message is generated for ... 06/21/07 - 20070140375 - Joint-source channel decoding method and associated joint source-channel decoder A method of combined source-channel decoding of digital data coding discrete values or symbols (i, j, etc.) received by a channel decoder (51) of a digital data decoder (50) from a source (10) over a transmission channel (40) wherein probabilities (p(i), p(i/j)) associated with said symbols are applied to a ... 06/14/07 - 20070133712 - Communication apparatus and communication method used in spectrum sharing environment A communication apparatus used in a spectrum sharing environment in which multiple communication systems coexist using the same spectrum band is provided. The apparatus includes a transmission pulse shaper that performs bandwidth limitation on a pulse which is used to send data symbols; a monitoring unit that monitors in-band interference ... 06/14/07 - 20070133711 - Transmission interface module for digital and continuous-waveform transmission signals An integrated circuit radio transmitter includes a baseband processing module that is operable to generate digital data for transmission through a wireless interface, first transmission logic for generating first continuous waveform transmission signals, second transmission logic for generating second continuous waveform transmission signals, and third transmission logic for generating digital ... 05/31/07 - 20070121756 - Data transfer using frequency notching of radio-frequency signals A method for data transmission includes forming a notched radio-frequency (RF) burst according to one or more data values, where a bandwidth of the notched RF burst is at least two percent of the center frequency of the notched RF burst. Forming a notched RF pulse includes altering, according to ... 05/31/07 - 20070121755 - Data scrambler generation of pseudo-random bit sequence for semi-stationary q-mode signal In a data communication system, a transmitter of a modem, for example, uses a single scrambler to operate in a data communication mode and in a non-data mode. During the data communication mode the scrambler is used to scramble data for communication by the transmitter. During the non-data mode, the ... 05/31/07 - 20070121754 - Digital rf transceiver with multiple imaging modes The disclosed embodiments relate to a digital radio frequency (RF) circuit that creates a signal in a desired range in a frequency spectrum. The RF circuit comprises circuitry that produces a first sample data modulated signal having a first frequency and a first sample data clock rate. An up-sampler modulator ... 05/24/07 - 20070116144 - Optimization technique for layered modulation A method and apparatus for optimizing a system for transmitting a layered modulated signal is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of defining the system in terms of a set of system parameters, including an optimal power separation S between a power of a first modulation layer and a power ... 05/17/07 - 20070110182 - Impulse generating device, communication device, and a computer-readable recording medium recording an impulse control program thereon To realize variable control of the output value of impulses with a simple construction, the present device includes an impulse generating unit which generates impulses; and a control unit which controls an output value of impulses output from the impulse generating unit by changing an input signal that is input ... 05/17/07 - 20070110181 - Multi-frequency wireless transmitter A multi-frequency wireless transmitter is provided for use in automated security systems. The multi-frequency wireless transmitter transmits a message over a plurality of frequencies, thus diminishing the effects of noise interference. The transmitter includes a frequency generator capable of selectably generating a plurality of frequencies lying within the 260 to ... 05/10/07 - 20070104289 - Apparatus and method for dynamically clocking a loop filter in a digital communications device A transmitter has a signal generator, an amplifier, a detection circuit, a comparison circuit, a loop filter, and an adjustable clock. The signal generator produces a signal. The signal is produced with a first frequency characteristic and contains frequency-related information. The detection circuit detects the first frequency-related characteristic and generates ... 05/03/07 - 20070098108 - Dtv transmitter and method of coding data in dtv transmitter A DTV transmitter includes a pre-processor pre-processing supplemental data, a multiplexer multiplexing pre-processed data with main data, and a byte-symbol converter converting each data byte of the multiplexed data into a symbol. It further includes a symbol processor processing each supplemental data symbol outputted from the byte-symbol converter. It encodes ... 05/03/07 - 20070098107 - Digital television transmitter/receiver and method of processing data in digital television transmitter/receiver A digital television transmitter and a method of coding main and enhanced data in the digital television transmitter are disclosed. In the digital television transmitter, a byte-symbol converter converts main and enhanced data packets into symbols, wherein at least one of the enhanced data packets may include data place holders ... 04/26/07 - 20070092034 - Trellis encoding device for encoding transmission stream and method thereof A trellis encoding device includes a trellis encoder block that includes a plurality of memories, and outputs a bit value determined by a state of the memories; a Reed-Solomon re-encoder that receives the bit value output from the trellis encoder block, and generates a parity corresponding to the bit value; ... 04/26/07 - 20070092033 - Trellis encoder for encoding dual transmission stream A trellis encoder for trellis encoding a dual transmission stream. A first multiplexer selectively outputs one of a predetermined first bit of the dual transmission stream and a value stored in a first memory according to an external control signal. A first adder adds the value output from the first ... 04/26/07 - 20070092032 - Digital broadcasting system and method A digital broadcasting system includes: a transmission stream generator multiplexing a normal stream and a turbo stream to generate a dual transmission stream; a transmitter inserting a supplementary reference signal (SRS) into the dual transmission stream, processing the turbo stream to reconstitute the dual transmission stream, and outputting the reconstituted ... 04/26/07 - 20070092031 - System for processing and transmitting digital broadcasting signal and method thereof A system for transmitting a digital broadcasting signal includes a supplementary reference signal (SRS) inserter receiving a dual transport stream in which a normal stream and a turbo stream are multiplexed, and inserting an SRS into a stuffing region provided in the dual transport stream, a Reed-Solomon encoder encoding the ... 04/26/07 - 20070092030 - System for processing and transmitting digital broadcasting signal and method thereof A system for transmitting a digital broadcasting signal includes a Reed-Solomon encoder that encodes a dual transport stream including a normal stream and a turbo stream to obtain an encoded dual transport stream; an interleaver that interleaves the encoded dual transport stream to obtain an interleaved dual transport stream; and ... 04/26/07 - 20070092029 - Apparatus to generate a dual transport stream and method thereof An apparatus to generate a dual transport stream including a duplicator that receives a turbo stream and that provides a parity insertion region for the turbo stream, and a multiplexer that receives a normal stream and that multiplexes the turbo stream processed by the duplicator and the normal stream to ... 04/26/07 - 20070092028 - Outer encoder and outer encoding method thereof An outer encoder includes a bit detector that receives a turbo stream provided with a parity insertion region and that detects data bits from the turbo stream, an encoder that convolution-encodes the detected data bits, and a bit inserter that inserts an encoded value outputted from the encoder into the ... 04/26/07 - 20070092027 - Digital broadcasting system and method A digital broadcasting system and method, where the digital broadcasting system includes: a transmission stream generator multiplexing a normal stream and a turbo stream to generate a dual transmission stream; a transmitter inserting an supplementary reference signal (SRS) into the dual transmission stream, processing the turbo stream to reconstitute the ... 03/22/07 - 20070064834 - Direct digital synthesizer, direct digital synthesizer for transmission and detection, and mri apparatus In order to output amplitude data with the clock frequency higher than the clock frequency of phase data, the direct digital synthesizer for transmission and detection comprises: a transmitting phase for outputting a first phase data with a first clock frequency; a curtailing unit for outputting a second phase data ... 03/22/07 - 20070064833 - Multi-band radio frequency modulator Techniques are described that allow operation according to two or more different communication modes in a single modulation path of a variable radio frequency (RF) modulator within a multi-mode wireless communication device (WCD). The multi-mode WCD may detect a service signal from a base station within a wireless communication system ... 03/15/07 - 20070058748 - Front end module A front end module having a multilayered structure is provided. The front end module includes a transmitter, a receiver, and a duplex unit. A ground layer is provided with an ground pattern having a plurality of separated blocks on a surface of a substrate of the front end module. ... 03/08/07 - 20070053463 - Polar modulation transmission apparatus and wireless communication apparatus A polar modulation transmission apparatus for realizing a wide control range for transmission power, maintaining the modulation precision and the distortion characteristic at a superb level even at a low output, and providing a high power efficiency is provided. An adder 102 adds a logarithm-represented transmission power control signal S13 ... 03/01/07 - 20070047667 - Lane-to-lane skew reduction in multi-channel, high-speed, transceiver circuitry Controllable delay circuitry is included in each channel of multi-channel, high-speed, serial transmitter and/or receiver circuitry to compensate for or to at least help compensate for possible skew (different signal propagation time) between the various channels. In systems employing CDR circuitry, the delay circuitry may be at least partly controlled ... 02/22/07 - 20070041468 - Digital transmitter An equalizer provided in a digital transmitter compensates for attenuation in a signal channel to a digital receiver. The equalizer generates signal levels as a logical function of bit history to emphasize transition signal levels relative to repeated signal levels. The preferred equalizer includes an FIR transition filter using a ... 01/18/07 - 20070014379 - Digital broadcast transmitter/receiver having improved receiving performance and signal processing method thereof A digital broadcast transmitter/receiver, and a signal processing method thereof, includes a randomizer randomizing a dual transport stream which includes a normal data packet and a robust data packet and into which stuff bytes are inserted, a stuff-byte exchanger replacing the stuff bytes of the randomized data with known data, ... 01/11/07 - 20070009061 - Data transmission method and data transmission apparatus A data transmission method comprises the steps of: a) performing two-dimensional interleaving along a time axis and along a frequency axis; b) transmitting the thus-obtained data by a multi-carrier transmission form; and c) producing, by channel copy operation, data which is short for the number of channels required for fast ... 01/11/07 - 20070009060 - Method and system for transmiting n-bit video data over a serial link A system including a receiver, a TMDS link (or other serial link), and a transmitter configured to transmit K-bit video words (typically, encoded 8-bit video words) over the link. In typical embodiments, the transmitter is configured to pack a sequence of N-bit video words, where N≠K (e.g., N=10, 12, or ... 01/04/07 - 20070002965 - Dual link dvi transmitter serviced by single phase locked loop A dual link transmitter constructed according to the present invention employs a single Phase Locked Loop (PLL) to service both a primary link and a secondary link during dual link mode operations. The structure of the dual link transmitter includes both a primary link PLL and a secondary link PLL. ... 12/28/06 - 20060291583 - Programmable transmitter A programmable transmitter generates a frame in a frame format according to one of a plurality of operating modes using a frame structure table storing a respective frame format for each of the operating modes. The transmitter includes a frame structure engine that receives a mode selection signal indicative of ... 12/14/06 - 20060280259 - Digital transmitter with data stream transformation circuitry A transmitter with data stream transformation circuitry is described. The transmitter has a first driver and a second driver. Each driver has an output for a respective analog signal. A summation circuit combines respective analog signals from the first driver and the second driver. A data selection circuit processes at ... 12/07/06 - 20060274853 - Data transmission system for computer tomographs A computer tomograph comprises a rotating part and a stationary part, and includes a system for transmitting data between the rotating part and the stationary part with a directional radio link. The system comprises an antenna arrangement for directional emission of data signals from the rotating part along a direction ... 12/07/06 - 20060274852 - Modified preamble for programmable transmitter A programmable transmitter generates a frame preamble to train a receiver with respect to a communication link format that corresponds to a transmission mode wherein the transmission mode may comprise transmitting the communication link over one or more antennas. Generally, the invention includes generating a preamble with an arrangement that ... 12/07/06 - 20060274851 - System and method for enlarging amplitude minima in a linear modulation signal A system and a method to enlarge the minimum signal of a linear modulation signal (115) including multi-carrier modulation, such as Scalable advanced Modulation or Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, are disclosed. A minimum enlarger (120) exploits a simple amplitude limiter (220) so as not to interfere with an existing peak ... 11/30/06 - 20060269013 - Up-conversion mixing system with high carrier suppression An up-conversion mixing system with high carrier suppression, which includes first and second LPFs to filter a first and a second input signals to thereby produce a first and a second filtered signals respectively; a first amplifier to amplify the first input signal and the first filtered signal to thereby ... 11/23/06 - 20060262877 - Multi-stage code generator and decoder for communication systems A method of encoding data for transmission from a source to a destination over a communications channel is provided. A plurality of redundant symbols are generated from an ordered set of input symbols to be transmitted. A plurality of output symbols are generated from a combined set of symbols including ... 11/23/06 - 20060262876 - Wave matrix mechanics method & apparatus Means, methods and apparatus that enables the accurate recording, and re-transmission of audio visual information from a three dimensional source, using holophasec 3D wave modeling protocols, processes and procedures. ... 11/09/06 - 20060251184 - Parallel concatenated code with soft-in-soft-out interactive turbo decoder A method for parallel concatenated (Turbo) encoding and decoding. Turbo encoders receive a sequence of input data tuples and encode them. The input sequence may correspond to a sequence of an original data source, or to an already coded data sequence such as provided by a Reed-Solomon encoder. A turbo ... 11/02/06 - 20060245516 - Apparatus, systems and methods for providing in-band atsc vestigial sideband signaling or out-of-band signaling Systems, methods, apparatus and computer program products are provided for signaling a deterministic mapping corresponding to a service. The deterministic mapping is inserted within an in-band ATSC vestigial sideband broadcast signal or an out-of-band signal and transmitted to receivers capable of consuming the service. ... 10/26/06 - 20060239379 - Method and apparatus for assigning addresses to components in a control system The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for remotely controlling device, more particularly to a system and method for controlling locomotives in a railway environment using radio frequency signals. This invention makes use of a remote operator programming unit (OPP) to set address information in the transmitter unit ... 10/26/06 - 20060239378 - Method and apparatus for determining transmitter identification information in terrestrial digital multimedia broadcasting system An apparatus and method are provided for determining transmitter identification information (TII) in terrestrial digital multimedia broadcasting (T-DMB) system. The TII is detected by determining whether the TII occurs during the slot for a null symbol. The detected TII is stored into a TII database preferably continuously until a point ... 10/26/06 - 20060239377 - Systems, methods, and apparatus for reducing dynamic range requirements of a power amplifier in a wireless device Systems, methods, and apparatus for reducing dynamic range requirements of a power amplifier in a wireless device are provided. An exemplary method may include modulating a symbol stream to generate a modulated waveform. The exemplary method may further include generating at least one pulse having a peak aligned with an ... 10/05/06 - 20060222102 - Wireless communication system Methods and systems for modulating a signal are described. A phase-modulated signal that includes a sequence of contiguous one-cycle sinusoidal waveforms having a frequency above 50 MHz is generated. The phases of the one-cycle sinusoidal waveforms correspond to symbols of a message signal. A bandwidth of the phase-modulated signal is ... 09/14/06 - 20060203934 - Apparatus and method for transmission/reception In a modulation method such as 8 PSK or a 16 PSK in which a sender device expresses a symbol by using three or more bits, important information is arranged at least at only one of the first and second bits, a receiver device extracts the important information from at ... 09/14/06 - 20060203933 - Data processing method, network element, transmitter, component and computer program product A transmitter includes means for searching for and storing a maximum limit for a combined coding rate. The transmitter also includes means for selecting a first coding rate for a first transmission. The transmitter also includes means for selecting a new coding rate for a following transmission on the basis ... 09/14/06 - 20060203932 - Pilot transmission and channel estimation for a communication system utilizing frequency division multiplexing A transmitter generates a pilot having a constant time-domain envelope and a flat frequency spectrum based on a polyphase sequence. To generate a pilot IFDMA symbol, a first sequence of pilot symbols is formed based on the polyphase sequence and replicated multiple times to obtain a second sequence of pilot ... 09/14/06 - 20060203931 - M-ary modulation of signals for coherent and differentially coherent receivers A system incorporates TH-IR, TR-IR and noncoherent transceivers in the same wireless network. A transmitter modulates a sequence of bits in a wireless communications network by selecting one coding sequence from a set of orthogonal or quasi-orthogonal coding sequences based on a current subsequence of bits of the input sequence, ... 09/14/06 - 20060203930 - Operational state transition and event logging system for an rf transmitter The operational state transitions and events of an RF transmitter having a plurality of operational states are monitored and recorded. A plurality of ports are provided that each receive an indication of an occurrence of an event that can cause a transition from one state to another of the plurality ... 09/07/06 - 20060198463 - Device for converting a transmitted signal into a digital signal A device for converting a signal (VRZ) transmitted over a communications channel into a digital signal. The transmitted signal corresponds to encoded digital data with n states, n being at least equal to two. The converter comprises means for asynchronously comparing (21) at least one parameter of the transmitted signal ... 08/24/06 - 20060188037 - Data transmission device A data transmission device is applied to a network apparatus having an automatic crossover function, and is connected to a transmission control unit, such that the transmission control unit detects an operating status of the network apparatus and accordingly generates a control command. Thereby, a current source generating unit provides ... 08/10/06 - 20060176976 - Transport format data transmission In a flexible layer one (403) of a GERAN transmitter device, a TFCI, which indicates a particular combination of cyclic redundancy check, channel coding and rate matching, is generated by a TFCI generating process (412) using information from the medium access control layer. The TFCI is coded by a coding ... 08/03/06 - 20060171484 - Polar modulator and a method for modulation of a signal A polar modulator contains a phase locked loop which is designed to emit a radio-frequency signal at one frequency to one output, with the frequency being derived from the reference signal and from a phase modulation signal at a control input of the phase locked loop. The modulator additionally has ... 07/27/06 - 20060165193 - Method for transmitting signals in a radio communication system The invention relates to a method for transmitting signals in a radio communication system consisting of at least two frequency signal-transmitting channels. At least the first (fcoord) of said frequency channels is used for organising radio resources, and at least the second (fi) of the frequency channels is used for ... 07/20/06 - 20060159197 - Radio transmitter with variable amplifier units in the baseband section and in the radio-frequency section of the transmission path The invention relates to a radio transmitter for the transmission of transmission signals. Signals to be transmitted are processed to form transmission signals by the transmission path of the radio transmitter. A first variable amplifier unit and a second variable amplifier unit are arranged in the transmission path. The first ... 07/13/06 - 20060153315 - Lower complexity layered modulation signal processor A method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving a coded signal having an upper layer signal and a lower layer signal is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of combining the upper layer signal and the lower layer signal, encoding the combined upper layer signal and lower layer signal, delaying ... 07/13/06 - 20060153314 - Method and apparatus for tailoring carrier power requirements according to availability in layered modulation systems A method and apparatus transmitting a layered modulation signal having a first signal layer having first signal symbols and a second signal layer having second signal symbols is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of determining a first signal layer modulation carrier power CL at least in part according to ... 06/01/06 - 20060115016 - Methods and apparatus for transmitting and receiving data signals Methods and apparatus for transmitting and receiving data in a memory interface are disclosed. The apparatus include a programmable transceiver having a variable duty cycle control, with the transceiver having at least one of a programmable variable duty cycle receiver and a programmable variable duty cycle transmitter. The receiver and ... 05/18/06 - 20060104383 - Radio transmitter incorporating digital modulator and circuitry to accommodate baseband processor with analog interface A radio frequency (RF) transmitter includes a digital radio processor and a baseband processor. A complex analog-to-digital converter (ADC) within the radio processor provides an analog interface to the baseband processor to receive an analog complex modulated baseband signal and convert the analog complex modulated baseband signal to a digital ... 05/11/06 - 20060098756 - Systems and methods for designing a high-precision narrowband digital filter for use in a communications system with high spectral efficiency Systems and methods for transmitting information at very high data rates through narrowband communication channels are provided. The systems and methods involve modulating a message signal with a novel return-to-zero, abrupt phase modulation technique and filtering the modulated signal with a sophisticated high-precision digital filter. The digital filter is designed ... 04/27/06 - 20060088123 - Method and system for gaussian filter modification for improved modulation characteristics in bluetooth rf transmitters Certain aspects of the invention may comprise determining an impulse response of a first Gaussian filter based on a filter length and an oversampling ratio (OSR). The most significant coefficients of the first Gaussian filter may be modified to create a target filter. An upper limit and a lower limit ... 04/20/06 - 20060083329 - Methods and systems for utilizing universal frequency translators for phase and/or frequency detection Systems and methods for utilizing universal frequency translators within gated energy transfer systems for phase detection and/or frequency detection. Phase and/or frequency detection can be utilized for comparing a higher frequency reference signal with a lower frequency local oscillator signal. Phase and/or frequency detection can also be utilized for phase ... 04/20/06 - 20060083328 - Selective scrambler for use in a communication system and method to minimize bit error at the receiver A communication system for transmitting and receiving a sequence of bits, and the methodology for transferring that sequence of bits are provided. The communication system includes a transmitting circuit and a receiving circuit. Within the transmitting circuit is a scrambler that comprises a shift register, an enable circuit, and an ... 03/30/06 - 20060067423 - Low power radio transmitter using pulse transmissions A low power radio transmitter includes an intermediate frequency stage, signal-to-pulse conversion module, and a power amplifier. The intermediate frequency stage up-converts the frequency of a base-band digital signal into an N-bit signal at the intermediate frequency. The signal-to-pulse conversion module converts the N-bit signal at the intermediate frequency into ... 03/30/06 - 20060067422 - Modulation for broadcasting from multiple transmitters In a cellular network, randomness is introduced into a transmitted signal at each transmitter, and the resulting received signal, which is the sum of all received signals, fluctuates more in time than a signal transmitted without the introduced randomness. While the introduction of randomness can diminish reception of some parts ... 03/23/06 - 20060062323 - System and method for polling a protocol data unit of a transmission buffer A method for controlling the transmission of signals in a communications system uses a polling trigger which prevents a deadlock condition from occurring between a transmitter and receiver. The method includes selecting a protocol data unit from a buffer, determining whether the data unit is located at a predetermined position ... 03/09/06 - 20060050808 - Data transmission A data communication transmitting node is provided, the transmitting node comprising: a plurality of buffers for storing data from a respective plurality of input data streams; means for monitoring an occupancy level of each of the plurality of buffers to detect if the occupancy level is sufficient to provide a ... 03/09/06 - 20060050807 - Bandwidth reduction of an fm broadcast signal using a baseband precompensation technique A method of processing a baseband multiplex signal comprises the steps of frequency modulating the baseband multiplex signal to produce a first modulated signal, filtering the first modulated signal to produce a first filtered signal, demodulating the filtered signal to produce a demodulated baseband multiplex signal, correcting the demodulated baseband ... 03/09/06 - 20060050806 - Digital baseband transmitter with digital rf/if support in gsm/gprs/edge compliant handsets Certain aspects of a digital baseband transmitter with digital RF/IF support in GSM/GPRS/EDGE compliant devices may comprise receiving digitized data within a chip. A control signal may be generated within the chip indicating whether the received digitized data is to be processed by an IF processing interface or a digital ... 03/09/06 - 20060050805 - Method and apparatus for layered modulation Improvements to a layered modulation (LM) implementation are disclosed. The present invention discloses two implementations of LM, using single and multiple transponders per signal frequency, respectively. Layered hierarchical 8PSK (H-8PSK) is a special case of LM. By re-encoding the high-priority (HP) portion of an H-8PSK signal, LM can improve carrier-to-noise ... 03/02/06 - 20060045204 - Coordinated numerical control of sideband energy and modulation compression method for the radio frequency transmission of high speed data An improved compression method with coordinated padding for various methods of modulation by which the spectral channel width occupied by the radio signal and the power spectrum density of said signal can be controlled by numerically adjusting the coding format in a coordinated manner allowing for coordinated modulation events which ... 03/02/06 - 20060045203 - Apparatus and method of adaptive filter Briefly, according to some embodiments of the invention a method and apparatus to generate a filter are provided. The apparatus may include a phase modulation unit to vary a phase component of a signal, a measurement unit to measure a parameter of the phase modulation unit and a filter generator ... 02/16/06 - 20060034388 - Data sending device, data receiving device, transmission path encoding method, and decoding method A data section is mapped such that the polarity of the signal level of each symbol is constantly inverted on a symbol by symbol basis. On the other hand, a header section is mapped such that the header section includes a distinguishing symbol for distinguishing the data section and the ... 02/09/06 - 20060029153 - Digital time alignment in a polar modulator Methods of and apparatus for digitally controlling, with sub-sample resolution, the relative timing of the magnitude and phase paths in a polar modulator. The timing resolution is limited by the dynamic range of the system as opposed to the sample rate. The methods and apparatus of the invention use a ... 02/09/06 - 20060029152 - Digital communications transmitter with synthesizer-controlled modulation and method therefor A low-power digital communications transmitter (20) includes a programmable digital-processing circuit (22), which may be provided by a digital signal processor (DSP), a programmable direct digital synthesizer (DDS), and a constant-envelope, high power amplifier (32). The DDS (24) is programmed to provide pulse-shaping and IF/RF signal modulation functions. The digital-processing ... 01/26/06 - 20060018399 - Transmission apparatus and communication system using the same A characteristic value information retriever 9 retrieves characteristic value information FD2 indicative of another characteristic value which should be newly set as to a transmission signal SS, and a characteristic value modificator 9 controls a characteristic value determinator 8 in such a manner that such a characteristic value which has ... 01/19/06 - 20060013332 - Method of sending information using superresolution to didtinguish overlapping symbols The invention is a method of sending information through a bandwidth-constrained information channel at a rate faster than the current limit of the state of the art. It accomplishes this objective by sending overlapping signals which are separated using superresolution methods such as deconvolution to distinguish between symbols which are ... 12/22/05 - 20050281353 - Method and apparatus for controlling a tx power amplifier A method and an apparatus for controlling a TX power amplifier are provided. The method is for generating a power control curve in an inter-slot region between two continuous or adjacent time slots, which respectively have different modulation types. The method and apparatus produces a concave inter-slot ramp control curve ... 12/22/05 - 20050281352 - Spectrally efficient pulse shaping method There is provided a method of generating pulses with enhanced bandwidth occupancy. A bandwidth occupancy criterion in the form of a variational problem is introduced. This problem has an analytical solution yielding an optimum termed the SO-pulse. A low-complexity approximation of this pulse is given by the logistic equation and ... 12/08/05 - 20050271159 - Frequency modulation apparatus A frequency modulation apparatus 100 has a synthesizer 101, a differentiator 102 that differentiates phase modulation data and generates differential phase modulation data, an adder 103 that adds together that differential phase modulation data and carrier frequency data fractional part K and generates addition fractional part K1, an input data ... 11/17/05 - 20050254594 - Transponder load modulation An electromagnetic transponder and a method for controlling by pulse trains a switch for modulating the load of this transponder in an electromagnetic field from which it extracts its power supply, the duty ratio of the pulses being controlled according to the transponder supply voltage. ... 11/17/05 - 20050254593 - Doppler aided detection, processing and demodulation of multiple signals Multiple co-channel signals are received at the same time. The co-channel signals are separated and demodulated within a frequency range by using the Doppler shift, or offset, of the co-channel signals. The signals are isolated by determining the peaks of the signals within the subchannel, or bin. A threshold is ... 11/03/05 - 20050243945 - Method for generating a signal with a definable pulse shape In a method of generating a pulse-shaped transmitted output signal having a definable pulse shape in a multistage amplifier arrangement, the course of the “pulse top” (upper edge) of the transmitted signal is determined by control signals at the amplifier stages. The control signals of the amplifier stages are definable ... 11/03/05 - 20050243944 - Transmission signal formation method, communication method, and transmission signal data structure A coefficient sequence of a spreading sequence is sequentially shifted one pitch at a time, transmission data is multiplied by a plurality of coefficient sequences to produce a plurality of transmission data, and the plurality of produced transmission data are added up to produce a transmission data sequence. Alternatively, the ... 10/27/05 - 20050238113 - Hybrid communication method and apparatus The present invention enables communication between devices employing different communication technologies. One embodiment of the present invention is a hybrid communication device that can transmit and receive both conventional carrier wave signals, and ultra-wideband pulses. Another embodiment of the present invention is a hybrid communication device that can transmit and ... 10/20/05 - 20050232372 - Method and system for a reduced emissions direct drive transmitter for unshielded twisted pair (utp) applications A reduced emission transmitter may comprise an encoder partitioned into at least a group of odd encoder processing cells and a group of even encoder processing cells. A DAC may be partitioned into at least: a group of odd DAC processing cells for processing outputs of the group of odd ... 10/20/05 - 20050232371 - Method and apparatus for data transfer using wideband bursts A method of data transmission according to one embodiment of the invention includes transmitting a plurality of bursts to transmit data, each burst occupying at least one of a plurality of frequency bands. Specifically, a bandwidth of at least one of the plurality of bursts is at least two percent ... 10/13/05 - 20050226345 - Apparatus for reducing channel interference between proximate wireless communication units Apparatus for reducing adjacent channel interference between proximate wireless communication units. Each wireless communication unit includes a digital baseband circuit and an analog baseband circuit. The digital baseband circuit includes at least one group delay compensation equalizer and at least one finite-impulse response (FIR) filter. The analog baseband circuit includes ... 10/06/05 - 20050220216 - Spectral distance optimised multi-band transmission A communication system is proposed which implements a method for up-converting a baseband signal to a given number of frequency bands that together define a signal transmission channel, whereby the method comprises a step for defining a sequential order in which the frequency bands are to be used for up-converting ... 10/06/05 - 20050220215 - Radio transmitting apparatus provided with transmitters and transmitting antennas A radio transmitting apparatus with a plurality of transmission units comprises a calculation unit configured to calculate, based on a data length of a transmission signal including a control signal and a data signal following the control signal, a transmission time required for transmitting the transmission signal and one or ... 10/06/05 - 20050220214 - Signal generation apparatus, systems, and methods An apparatus and a system, as well as a method and an article, may include shifting a digital baseband signal upward along a frequency spectrum by an amount greater than its bandwidth to provide an elevated frequency digital baseband signal, which in turn may be selected as a single-sideband signal ... 10/06/05 - 20050220213 - Method and apparatus to perform modulation using integer timing relationships between intra symbol modulation components A method and apparatus to improve modulation efficiency for chip to chip interconnects. Modulation objects that are integer multiples of a fundamental time unit (FTU) are used to populate a symbol period that is also an integer multiple of the FTU. A possible symbol set is established as the set ... 09/29/05 - 20050213684 - Methods for propagating a non sinusoidal signal without distortion in dispersive lossy media Systems and methods are described for transmitting a waveform having a controllable attenuation and propagation velocity. An exemplary method comprises: generating an exponential waveform, the exponential waveform (a) being characterized by the equation Vin=De−ASD[x−vSDt], where D is a magnitude, Vin is a voltage, t is time, ASD is an attenuation ... 09/29/05 - 20050213683 - Digital modulator employing a polyphase up-converter structure An upconverting circuit is disclosed. The upconverting circuit includes a polyphase component generator that provides Np polyphase components at each input polyphase cycle, wherein Np>2 on each input polyphase cycle defined by a clock. A memory stores the polyphase components from at least one polyphase cycle prior to the current ... 09/15/05 - 20050201486 - Apparatus and method for transmitting control information in a mobile communication system An apparatus and method for transmitting control information in a mobile communication system are disclosed. The apparatus and method include selecting a pilot signal having different predetermined pilot patterns according to whether the data are received and the data contain an error, and inserting the selected pilot signal into a ... 09/15/05 - 20050201485 - Transmission method using a virtual reception buffer to absorb fluctuation of the channel transmission rate The invention relates to the transmission of a data stream having an adaptable bitrate, referred to as data bitrate, via a transmission channel having a variable channel transmission rate. The receiver comprises a reception buffer and a decoder. According to the invention; a) a risk of data starvation and a ... 09/08/05 - 20050195918 - Transmitting circuit, communication equipment, audio equipment, video equipment, and transmitting method The data from the orthogonal data generator is quantized by the vector data converter so as to become, for example, a binary value of 0 and a real number in magnitude. The output of the vector converter is modulated by the modulator, and is inputted to the amplifier. In the ... 09/08/05 - 20050195917 - Method and apparatus for crystal drift compensation A mobile device includes frequency synthesizer circuitry for generating a channel frequency at a multiple of a reference frequency. The reference frequency is generated by a free-running crystal oscillator, without frequency stabilization circuitry. Variations in the output of the crystal oscillator are compensated by adjusting the multiplication factor of the ... 09/08/05 - 20050195916 - Clipping technique for bursty complex and real signal A clipping technique for burst complex signal is described. The clipping is performed on the in phase “I” and quadrature phase “Q” of the complex signal. The technique uses the ratio of the rolling average as well as instantaneous value of the complex signal amplitude to calculate the amount of ... 09/01/05 - 20050190854 - Polar transmitter with digital to rf converter A polar transmitter, operable in linear mode or switched mode, uses a conversion module to convert baseband signals into amplitude data and phase data. The phase data is used to phase modulate a carrier frequency in a RF conversion module. The module comprises a plurality of parallel unit cells, each ... 09/01/05 - 20050190853 - Method and arrangement for digital signal transmission using layered space-time codes The invention relates to a method and an arrangement for transmitting a digital signal consisting of symbols, which arrangement comprises a coder (308) for coding complex symbols to channel symbols in blocks having the length of a given K, means (312) for transmitting the channel symbols via several different channels ... 09/01/05 - 20050190852 - Method of data burst transmission A method of communicating at least one data burst using an assigned radio configuration. The assigned radio configuration is chosen from one of at least two radio configurations by examining which radio configuration supports a higher data transmission rate. This examination is determined by calculating the data transmission rate for ... 09/01/05 - 20050190851 - Transmitting rf signals employing improved high-level combinations of analog fm and digital signals Apparatus and method are presented for broadcasting an RF signal comprised of analog FM and digital signals. An analog FM source provides an analog FM signal. A digital source provides a digital signal. A splitter splits the FM signal into a fractional portion and remainder portion. A summer combines the ... 08/25/05 - 20050185735 - Method and device for evaluating the noise associated with turbocodes, and systems using them In order to evaluate the noise related to data issuing from a turbo-encoder: estimates of the noise related to its systematic output, to the data issuing from its first elementary encoder and to the data issuing from its second elementary encoder are determined (70); at least two of the estimates ... 08/25/05 - 20050185734 - Method and radio system for digital signal transmission using complex space-time codes The invention relates to a method and an arrangement for transmitting a digital signal consisting of symbols, which arrangement comprises a coder (308) for coding complex symbols to channel symbols in blocks having the length of a given K, means (312) for transmitting the channel symbols via several different channels ... 08/18/05 - 20050180525 - Method and system for encoding a signal for wireless communications Method and system encodes a signal according to a code rate that includes a ratio of uncoded bits to coded bits. An outer Reed-Solomon encoder encodes the signal into codewords. An interleaver converts the codewords into bits of frames for wireless transmission. An inner encoder executes a convolutional code to ... 08/18/05 - 20050180524 - Signaling format for wireless communications Methods, devices and systems for wireless communication generate signals by determining whether legacy devices are within a proximal region of the wireless communication. When at least one legacy device is within the proximal region, a frame is formatted to include a preamble field, a signal field, and a data field. ... 08/18/05 - 20050180523 - Wireless digital signal transmission method A method of wirelessly transmitting digital signal includes the steps of (a) dividing a digital signal into a primary signal band and a secondary signal band; (b) phrase-shifting the secondary signal to form a reverse signal with respect to the primary signal band in such a manner that the reverse ... 08/18/05 - 20050180522 - Method and system for high bandwidth-efficiency communications using signals having positive entropy A communications device includes a symbol encoder for receiving data comprising a symbol and for receiving a first signal having a positive entropy. The symbol encoder adds to the first signal a plurality of delayed versions of the first signal. Each delayed version of the plurality of delayed versions has ... 08/18/05 - 20050180521 - Redundancy structure and method for high-speed serial link An integrated circuit is provided having a plurality of data transmitters, including a plurality of default data transmitters for transmitting data from a plurality of data sources and at least one redundancy data transmitter. A plurality of connection elements are provided having a first, low impedance connecting state and having ... 08/11/05 - 20050175118 - Data carrier comprising means for influencing the slope course of the signal edges in an amplitude-modulated signal Provided in a data carrier (1) designed to modulate a carrier signal (CS) that can be received in a contactless manner are transmission means (2) designed to transmit the carrier signal (CS), and a data signal source (9) designed to generate and emit a data signal (DS), and modulation means ... 08/04/05 - 20050169401 - Frequency modulated ofdm over various communication media The present invention provides an FM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation process that enable high-speed data communications over any transmission media and networks. The process is implemented with a modem device modulator and demodulator that provides communication with several other modem devices along any communication media that uses an ... 08/04/05 - 20050169400 - Backward compatible dvb-s standard transmission system The invention relates to digital transmissions. It particularly relates to a new transmission system (DVB-S2), which is backward compatible with a primary transmission system (DVB-S), enabling a receiver of the primary system to receive signals transmitted by a transmitter of the new transmission system. The principle of the invention is ... 07/14/05 - 20050152471 - Transmitting device A transmitting device is provided, which is capable of outputting a modulated wave which suffers little deterioration in modulation accuracy, spectrum and the like, even in the case of using a high-frequency power amplifier in which the fluctuation in phase difference between input and output is large when a bias ... 07/14/05 - 20050152470 - Method for handling data transmissions within a modem A method for handling data transmissions within a modem is disclosed. A codeword is generated by compressing one or more incoming characters. The incoming characters and codeword are subsequently stored in a buffer. Then, a cost difference between transmitting all the codewords previously stored in the buffer and transmitting all ... 07/14/05 - 20050152469 - Modulator/transmitter apparatus and method Method and apparatus for providing an amplified modulated radio frequency signal, the method comprising the steps of providing a radio frequency (RF) oscillatory signal, generating from the RF oscillatory signal and an input signal a pair of phase modulated phase conjugated signals, and summing said pair of signals to provide ... 07/07/05 - 20050147181 - Method for preprocessing a signal and method for signal processing A method for preprocessing a signal and for signal processing are suggested, wherein an iterative process with at least one iteration is performed to generate an output signal (O) based on an input signal (I). In each iteration a preceding intermediate output signal (PIO) and said input signal (I) are ... 07/07/05 - 20050147180 - Apparatus, and associated method, for forming a signal exhibiting space-time redundancy Apparatus, and an associated method for a sending station operable in a communication system having a communication channel susceptible to fading, such as quasistatic fading. Transmission diversity of symbols to be sent by the sending station is increased without necessitating a corresponding increase in the bandwidth required to communicate the ... 07/07/05 - 20050147179 - Method and device for interpolating or decimating a signal A method and a device for interpolating or decimating a signal is provided, the signal being processed by a plurality of signal processing means connected in series, which at least comprise means for increasing or reducing a clock rate of the signal and filtering means. To achieve adaptation to different ... 06/30/05 - 20050141636 - Modulator and semiconductor integrated circuit including modulator and wired or wireless communication device including modulator and semiconductor device The present invention directly modulates the VCO in accordance with transmission data, reduces the circuit scale and current consumed during transmission and obtains a highly accurate modulated output. A transmission data signal converted into an IQ modulation signal with a predetermined modulation bandwidth that is phase-modulated by the select control ... 06/30/05 - 20050141635 - Type dependency modulation method with type control A type dependency modulation method with type control is integrated with type control code words in traditional type dependency modulation. It increases the effect of DC component control in the overall encoding procedure. In this method, a specific type-control code word is inserted at certain intervals in the encoding procedure, ... 06/30/05 - 20050141634 - [apparatus and method for detecting and compensating current offset] A quadrature modulator and a transmitter capable of detecting and reducing a current offset are provided. The quadrature modulator comprises a base band transconductance for converting a voltage signal into a current signal and a switching pair for modulating the current signal. A current sink is further coupled after the ... 06/23/05 - 20050135501 - Module to module signaling with jitter modulation A method and apparatus is disclosed for incorporating secondary data for transmission as part of or concurrently with network data. In one embodiment, the secondary data comprises communication system data for use in controlling or monitoring a communication system. In one example embodiment, the secondary data is utilized to control ... 06/16/05 - 20050129139 - Tag tracking A tracking system is described in which a mobile tag having an unknown position is tracked in space over time. The mobile tag transmits a signal comprising a sequence of frequency components at different frequencies. The transmitted signal is received at each of a plurality of receivers, each having a ... 06/16/05 - 20050129138 - Method and apparatus for implementing adaptive tomlinson-harashima precoding in a digital data link The invention relates to a method for implementing adaptive Tomlinson-Harashima precoding using a digital data communications link, According to the method, the outgoing bit stream is coded into symbols, channel distortion is corrected by precoding (TML) the symbols, the precoded symbols are sent over a data communications channel (2, CHN), ... 06/09/05 - 20050123065 - Modulation of a pilot carrier, and means to perform this modulation For synchronisation purposes, a transmitter (TX) multiplexes a pilot carrier with carriers whereon data elements (DATA) are modulated, and transmits the pilot carrier together with the modulated carriers to a receiver (RX). The immunity of the pilot carrier for interferers, such as radio amateur signals, is improved by modulating the ... 06/09/05 - 20050123064 - Wireless communication unit linearised transmitter circuit and method of linearising therein A wireless communication unit (300) comprises a linearized transmitter (325, 500) having a power amplifier (324), a forward path and a feedback path for feeding back a portion of a signal to be transmitted, wherein the feedback path and forward path form two loops in quadrature. A processor (322) applies ... 06/09/05 - 20050123063 - Apparatus, methods and articles of manufacture for signal propagation using unwrapped phase The invention relates to a system for processing an electromagnetic input signal in which processing circuitry may be used to produce a bounded phase signal, such as by calculating an n-bit 2's compliment number in the range of [−1, 1] from phase sample information for an input wave; and producing ... 06/09/05 - 20050123062 - Data transmission method in a cellular communication network, corresponding system, terminal and base station A cellular communication system is provided comprising a terminal, a base station (for example UMTS) and a communication equipment designed to transmit data to a terminal and which is not provided with an uplink channel (for example using an OFDM technique). By transmitting via the TCP channel data other than ... 06/02/05 - 20050117658 - Ultra wide band pulse train generator An ultra wide band (UWB) pulse train generator, which includes a trigger signal controller for sequentially outputting n trigger signals for triggering generation of UWB pulse train in accordance with n bit data to be transmitted at a predetermined time period, a latch unit for loading in parallel the n ... ### FreshPatents.com Support |