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Systems and methods related to degradation of uremic toxinsRelated Patent Categories: Drug, Bio-affecting And Body Treating Compositions, Whole Live Micro-organism, Cell, Or Virus Containing, Genetically Modified Micro-organism, Cell, Or Virus (e.g., Transformed, Fused, Hybrid, Etc.)Systems and methods related to degradation of uremic toxins description/claimsThe Patent Description & Claims data below is from USPTO Patent Application 20070166285, Systems and methods related to degradation of uremic toxins. Brief Patent Description - Full Patent Description - Patent Application Claims
RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/731,877, filed Dec. 9, 2003, entitled "Systems and Methods Related to Degradation of Uremic Toxins," by O'Loughlin, et al., which application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. FIELD OF INVENTION [0002] The present invention generally relates to the treatment of disorders associated with uremic toxins in vivo and, in particular, to the treatment of disorders associated with uremic toxins in vivo using uremic toxin-treating enzymes, and/or cells capable of [0003] The producing uremic toxin-treating enzymes or otherwise reacting with uremic toxins. DISCUSSION OF RELATED ART [0004] The principle excretory function of the kidney is to maintain fluid balance and excrete waste metabolites. Typical rates of fluid and solute removal (per 24 hours) are .about.1.5 L of water, .about.20 g of urea, .about.5 g of electrolytes, and .about.6 g of other metabolites, such as uric acid or creatinine. During renal dysfunction or failure, e.g., in end stage renal disease patients, waste metabolites normally excreted in the urine are instead retained in the blood and body tissues, leading to a pathological state commonly known as uremia or uremic toxicity. [0005] Urea is the predominant nitrogen waste product of dietary protein catabolism. Uric acid is a product of nucleic acid degradation. Creatinine typically results from muscular protein breakdown. These components are normally eliminated in the urine via the kidneys. These components are also commonly used as markers to monitor kidney dialysis and other similar treatments. Although these waste metabolites are relatively nontoxic when acting alone, they are part of a more complex uremic toxicity syndrome, in which toxicity may result from the combined effects of these metabolites. Patients [0006] There are currently .about.325,000 dialysis patients in the United States and .about.1.3 million patients worldwide, with a cost of about $70,000 per patient/year, which translates to an estimated overall cost for dialysis care of about $80 billion (2003 figures). The patient population has an annual growth rate of 7%. Since the early 1970's, the full cost of dialysis treatment in the United States has been paid for by Medicare, regardless of patient age or need. Nevertheless, the U.S. has quite a high mortality rate: .about.50% of patients die within 3 years. A recent study compared the expected remaining lifetime for patients with selected diseases versus controls (i.e., free of disease) for the U.S. resident population in 1990. Study participants (aged 45 to 54) free of disease had an expected remaining lifetime of thirty years, compared to ten years for colon cancer patients and seven years for end stage renal disease patients. In another age bracket that was surveyed (aged 55 to 64), study participants free of disease had an expected remaining lifetime of twenty-two years, compared to ten and five years remaining for colon cancer and end stage renal disease patients respectively. In addition, .about.10% of patients electively withdraw from dialysis treatment and accept a form of suicide. [0007] Dialysis treatments often interfere with normal activities of daily living, since it typically is required three times a week, for three to five hours per session. Blood access is usually by percutaneous needle puncture. Secondary medical complications of uremia often arise, most commonly hypotension, leading to nausea, and cramps, and the like. These complications may be resolved by a kidney transplant, although the transplant recipient must still endure daily immunosuppressant treatment. Transplantation as a treatment for renal failure is scarce, as only .about.14,000 donor organs (in the U.S.) are available each year, and there are currently over 80,000 patients on the waiting list (2003 figures). [0008] There is thus a need for improvement in the treatment of uremic toxins in vivo. SUMMARY OF INVENTION [0009] The present invention generally relates to the treatment of disorders associated with uremic toxins in vivo using uremic toxin-treating enzymes, and/or cells capable of producing uremic toxin-treating enzymes or otherwise reacting with uremic toxins. The subject matter of this invention involves, in some cases, interrelated products, alternative Medicare, regardless of patient age or need. Nevertheless, the U.S. has quite a high mortality rate: .about.50% of patients die within 3 years. A recent study compared the expected remaining lifetime for patients with selected diseases versus controls (i.e., free of disease) for the U.S. resident population in 1990. Study participants (aged 45 to 54) free of disease had an expected remaining lifetime of thirty years, compared to ten years for colon cancer patients and seven years for end stage renal disease patients. In another age bracket that was surveyed (aged 55 to 64), study participants free of disease had an expected remaining lifetime of twenty-two years, compared to ten and five years remaining for colon cancer and end stage renal disease patients respectively. In addition, .about.10% of patients electively withdraw from dialysis treatment and accept a form of suicide. [0010] Dialysis treatments often interfere with normal activities of daily living, since it typically is required three times a week, for three to five hours per session. Blood access is usually by percutaneous needle puncture. Secondary medical complications of uremia often arise, most commonly hypotension, leading to nausea, and cramps, and the like. These complications may be resolved by a kidney transplant, although the transplant recipient must still endure daily immunosuppressant treatment. Transplantation as a treatment for renal failure is scarce, as only .about.14,000 donor organs (in the U.S.) are available each year, and there are currently over 80,000 patients on the waiting list (2003 figures). [0011] There is thus a need for improvement in the treatment of uremic toxins in vivo. SUMMARY OF INVENTION [0012] The present invention generally relates to the treatment of disorders associated with uremic toxins in vivo using uremic toxin-treating enzymes, and/or cells capable of producing uremic toxin-treating enzymes or otherwise reacting with uremic toxins. The subject matter of this invention involves, in some cases, interrelated products, alternative solutions to a particular problem, and/or a plurality of different uses of one or more systems and/or articles. [0013] In one aspect, the present invention is an article. The article, in one set of embodiments, includes an oral delivery composition. In one embodiment, the oral delivery composition includes at least one of isolated uricase and isolated creatininase. In another embodiment, the oral delivery composition includes at least one cell transfected with at least one of a uricase gene and a creatininase gene. In yet another embodiment, the oral delivery composition includes at least one cell designed to overexpress at least one of uricase and creatininase. The oral delivery composition includes, in still another embodiment, at least one cell transfected with at least one of a urease gene, a uricase gene, and a creatininase gene, where the at least one cell is not E. coli. In yet another embodiment, the oral delivery composition includes at least one cell able to reduce a blood concentration of at least one non-protein nitrogen compound in a subject when the oral delivery composition is ingested by the subject, where the at least one cell is not E. coli. In still another embodiment, the oral delivery composition includes at least two isolated uremic enzymes. In some cases, the oral delivery composition may include a capsule. The capsule, in some embodiments, may include one or more of the above-described compositions. [0014] In another aspect, the present invention defines a method. In one set of embodiments, the method includes administering, to a subject, an oral delivery composition comprising at least one of uricase and creatininase. The method, in another set of embodiments, includes administering, to a subject, an oral delivery composition comprising at least one cell transfected with at least one of a uricase gene and a creatininase gene. The method, in yet another set of embodiments, includes administering, to a subject, an oral delivery composition comprising at least one cell designed to overexpress at least one of uricase and creatininase. In still another set of embodiments, the method includes administering, to a subject, an oral delivery composition comprising at least one cell transfected with at least one of a urease gene, a uricase gene, and a creatininase gene, where the at least one cell is not E. coli. The method, in yet another set of embodiments, includes administering, to a subject, an oral delivery composition comprising at least one cell able to reduce a blood concentration of at least one non-protein nitrogen compound in the subject when the oral delivery composition is ingested by the subject, where the at least one cell is not E. coli. In another set of embodiments, the method includes administering at least one of isolated uricase and isolated creatininase to an intestine of a subject. The method includes, in still another set of embodiments, administering, to a subject, an oral delivery composition comprising at least two isolated uremic enzymes. [0015] In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of making one or more of the embodiments described herein, for example, an oral delivery capsule. In yet another aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of using one or more of the embodiments described herein, for example, an oral delivery capsule. In still another aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of promoting one or more of the embodiments described herein, for example, an oral delivery capsule. [0016] Other advantages and novel features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the various non-limiting embodiments of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying figures. In cases where the present specification and a document incorporated by reference include conflicting and/or inconsistent disclosure, the present specification shall control. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS [0017] Non-limiting embodiments of the present invention will be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying figures, which are schematic and are not intended to be drawn to scale. In the figures, each identical or nearly identical component illustrated is typically represented by a single numeral. For the purposes of clarity, not every component is labeled in every figure, nor is every component of each embodiment of the invention shown where illustration is not necessary to allow those of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention. In the figures: [0018] FIG. 1 illustrates certain enzymatic reactions of the invention; Continue reading about Systems and methods related to degradation of uremic toxins... 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