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Specificity exchangers that redirect antibodies to a pathogenRelated Patent Categories: Chemistry: Molecular Biology And Microbiology, Micro-organism, Tissue Cell Culture Or Enzyme Using Process To Synthesize A Desired Chemical Compound Or Composition, Preparing Compound Containing Saccharide Radical, N-glycoside, , Nucleotide, Polynucleotide (e.g., Nucleic Acid, Oligonucleotide, Etc.)Specificity exchangers that redirect antibodies to a pathogen description/claimsThe Patent Description & Claims data below is from USPTO Patent Application 20070026502, Specificity exchangers that redirect antibodies to a pathogen. Brief Patent Description - Full Patent Description - Patent Application Claims
[0001] The present application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/121,282, filed May 3, 2005, which is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/372,735, filed Feb. 21, 2003 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,933,366, issued Aug. 23, 2005), which is a continuation-in-part of and claims the benefit of priority of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/234,579, filed Aug. 30, 2002, which is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/839,666, filed Apr. 19, 2001 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,469,143, issued Oct. 22, 2002), which is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/532,106, filed Mar. 21, 2000 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,895, issued Jun. 12, 2001), which is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/246,258, filed Feb. 8, 1999 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,137, issued Mar. 21, 2000), which is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/737,085, filed Dec. 27, 1996 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,232, issued Feb. 9, 1999), which is a National Phase Application under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.371 of PCT/SE95/00468, filed on Apr. 27, 1995, which claims the benefit of priority to Swedish Patent Application 9401460, filed on Apr. 28, 1994. [0002] The present application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/121,282, filed May 5, 2005, which is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/608,541, filed on Jun. 27, 2003 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,019,111, issued Mar. 28, 2006), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/664,945, filed on Sep. 19, 2000 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,660,842, issued Dec. 9, 2003), which is a continuation-in-part of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/532,106, filed on Mar. 21, 2000 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,895, issued Jun. 12, 2001), which is a continuation of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/246,258, filed on Feb. 8, 1999 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,137, issued Mar. 21, 2000), which is a continuation of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/737,085, filed on Dec. 27, 1996 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,232, issued Feb. 9, 1999), which was a National Phase Application of PCT/SE 95/00468, filed on Apr. 27, 1995 that designates the United States of America and published in English, and claims priority to Swedish Patent Application 9401460, filed on Apr. 28, 1994. [0003] The present application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority of prior U.S. application Ser. No. 11/121,282, filed May 5, 2005, which is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority of prior U.S. application Ser. No. 10/372,735, filed Feb. 21, 2003 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,933,366, issued Aug. 23, 2005), which is also a continuation-in-part of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/664,945, filed Sep. 19, 2000 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,660,842, issued Dec. 9, 2003). [0004] The present application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/121,282, filed May 5, 2005, which is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/372,735, filed Feb. 21, 2003 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,933,366, issued Aug. 23, 2005), which is also a continuation-in-part of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/664,025, filed Sep. 19, 2000. [0005] The present application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/121,282, filed May 5, 2005, which is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/372,735, filed Feb. 21, 2003 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,933,366, issued Aug. 23, 2005), which is also a continuation-in-part of International Patent Application No. PCT/IB01/02327, and claims the benefit of priority of International Patent Application No. PCT/IB01/02327, having an international filing date of Sep. 19, 2001, designating the United States of America and published in English, which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/664,025, filed Sep. 19, 2000. [0006] The present application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/121,282, filed May 5, 2005, which is a continuation of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/372,735, filed Feb. 21, 2003 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,933,366, issued Aug. 23, 2005), which is also a continuation-in-part of and claims the benefit of priority of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/153,271, filed May 21, 2002, which is a divisional of and claims the benefit of priority of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/556,605, filed Apr. 21, 2000 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,417,324, issued Jul. 9, 2002). [0007] The present application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/121,282, filed May 5, 2005, which is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/372,735, filed Feb. 21, 2003 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,933,366, issued Aug. 23, 2005), which is also a continuation-in-part of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/839,447, filed Apr. 20, 2001, which is a continuation-in-part of and claims the benefit of priority of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/556,605, filed Apr. 21, 2000 (now U.S. patent application U.S. Pat. No. 6,417,324, issued Jul. 9, 2002). [0008] The present application claims priority to all of the above-referenced prior applications and the disclosures of these prior applications are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entireties. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0009] The present disclosure generally relates to compositions and methods for preventing and treating human diseases including cancer and those resulting from pathogens such as bacteria, yeast, parasites, fungus, viruses, and the like. More specifically, embodiments described herein concern the manufacture and use of specificity exchangers, which redirect existing antibodies in a subject to pathogens and cancer cells. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0010] Infection by pathogens, such as bacteria, yeast, parasites, fungus, and viruses, and the onset and spread of cancer present serious health concerns for all animals, including humans, farm livestock, and household pets. These health threats are exacerbated by the rise of strains that are resistant to vaccination and/or treatment. In the past, practitioners of pharmacology have relied on traditional methods of drug discovery to generate safe and efficacious compounds for the treatment of these diseases. Traditional drug discovery methods typically involve blindly testing potential drug candidate-molecules, often selected at random, in the hope that one might prove to be an effective treatment for some disease. With the advent of molecular biology, however, the focus of drug discovery has shifted to the identification of molecular targets associated with the etiological agent and the design of compounds that interact with these molecular targets. [0011] One promising class of molecular targets are antigens found on the surface of bacteria, yeast, parasites, fungus, viruses, toxins and cancer cells. It has been shown that synthetic peptides corresponding to antibody regions (e.g., a CDR) can act as a mini antibody by binding to a particular antigen on a pathogen or cancer cell and neutralizing the pathogen or cancer cell in vitro. Although several antigen antagonists have promising therapeutic potential, there still remains a need for new compositions and methods to treat and prevent infection by pathogens and other disease. [0012] Another promising class of molecular targets are the receptors found on the surface of bacteria, yeast, parasites, fungus, viruses, toxins and cancer cells, especially receptors that allow for attachment to a host cell or host protein (e.g., an extracellular matrix protein). Research in this area primarily focuses on the identification of the receptor and its ligand and the discovery of molecules that interrupt the interaction of the ligand with the receptor and, thereby, block adhesion to the host cell or protein. Although several receptor antagonists have promising therapeutic potential, there still remains a need for new compositions and methods to treat and prevent infection by pathogens and other diseases. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0013] Embodiments described herein are directed to specificity exchangers comprising at least one specificity domain and at least one antigenic domain joined to said specificity domain, wherein said antigenic domain comprises a peptide or an epitope obtained from a pathogen or toxin. In some embodiments, the specificity exchanger is an antigen/antibody specificity exchanger that comprises a specificity domain having a sequence obtained from an antibody joined to an antigenic domain that comprises a peptide or an epitope obtained from a pathogen or toxin, preferably a viral antigen such as polio virus, TT virus, herpes virus, hepatitis virus, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In other embodiments, the specificity exchanger is a ligand/receptor specificity exchanger that comprises a specificity domain having a ligand for a receptor joined to an antigenic domain that comprises a peptide or an epitope obtained from a pathogen or toxin, preferably a viral antigen such as polio virus, TT virus, herpes virus, hepatitis virus, or human immunodeficiency virus. [0014] The length of the specificity domain of the specificity exchangers is desirably between at least 3-200 amino acids, preferably between at least 5-100 amino acids, more preferably between 8-50 amino acids, and still more preferably between 10-25 amino acids. The length of the antigenic domain of the specificity exchangers is desirably between at least 3-200 amino acids, preferably between at least 5-100 amino acids, more preferably between 8-50 amino acids, and still more preferably between 10-25 amino acids. [0015] The specificity exchangers described herein comprise specificity domains that interact with antigens or receptors on pathogens, including, but not limited to, bacteria, yeast, parasites, fungus, and cancer cells. Some embodiments, for example, comprise a sequence obtained from an antibody that binds to a bacteria, hepatitis virus, or HIV. Other embodiments have a specificity domain that comprises a fragment of an extracellular matrix protein (e.g., between 3 and 14 amino acids, such as 3 to 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, or 14 consecutive amino acids of fibrinogen), a ligand for a receptor on a virus, or a ligand for a receptor on a cancer cell. In preferred embodiments, for example, the specificity domain comprises a ligand that is a fragment (e.g., between 3 and 20 amino acids, such as 3 to 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 17, and 20 consecutive amino acids) of an extracellular matrix protein selected from the group consisting of fibrinogen, collagen, vitronectin, laminin, plasminogen, thrombospondin, and fibronectin. [0016] Several of the specificity exchangers described herein bind to a receptor found on a pathogen (vis a vis antigen/antibody interaction or ligand/receptor interaction). In some embodiments, the receptor is a bacterial adhesion receptor, for example, a bacterial adhesion receptor selected from the group consisting of extracellular fibrinogen binding protein (Efb), collagen binding protein, vitronectin binding protein, laminin binding protein, plasminogen binding protein, thrombospondin binding protein, clumping factor A (ClfA), clumping factor B (ClfB), fibronectin binding protein, coagulase, and extracellular adherence protein. [0017] In some embodiments, the specificity exchangers comprise a specificity domain that comprises at least one of the following sequences: SEQ. ID. No. 1, SEQ. ID. No. 2, SEQ. ID. No. 3, SEQ. ID. No. 4, SEQ. ID. No. 5, SEQ. ID. No. 6, SEQ. ID. No. 7, SEQ. ID. No. 8, SEQ. ID. No. 9, SEQ. ID. No. 10, SEQ. ID. No. 11, SEQ. ID. No. 12, SEQ. ID. No. 13, SEQ. ID. No. 14, SEQ. ID. No. 15, SEQ. ID. No. 16, SEQ. ID. No. 17, SEQ. ID. No. 18, SEQ. ID. No. 19, SEQ. ID. No. 20, SEQ. ID. No. 21, SEQ. ID. No. 22, SEQ. ID. No. 23, SEQ. ID. No. 24, SEQ. ID. No. 25, SEQ. ID. No. 26, SEQ. ID. No. 27, SEQ. ID. No. 28, SEQ. ID. No. 29, SEQ. ID. No. 30, SEQ. ID. No. 31, SEQ. ID. No. 32, SEQ. ID. No. 33, SEQ. ID. No. 34, SEQ. ID. No. 35, SEQ. ID. No. 36, SEQ. ID. No. 37, SEQ. ID. No. 38, SEQ. ID. No. 39, SEQ. ID. No. 40, SEQ. ID. No. 41, SEQ. ID. No. 42, SEQ. ID. No. 43, SEQ. ID. No. 44, SEQ. ID. No. 45, SEQ. ID. No. 46, or SEQ. ID. No. 47. [0018] In other embodiments, the specificity exchangers comprise an antigenic domain that comprises at least one of the following sequences: SEQ. ID. No. 48, SEQ. ID. No. 49, SEQ. ID. No. 50, SEQ. ID. No. 51, SEQ. ID. No. 52, SEQ. ID. No. 53, SEQ. ID. No. 54, SEQ. ID. No. 55, SEQ. ID. No. 56, SEQ. ID. No. 57, and SEQ. ID. No. 58, SEQ. ID. No. 59, SEQ. ID. No. 60, SEQ. ID. No. 61, SEQ. ID. No. 62, SEQ. ID. No. 63, SEQ. ID. No. 64, SEQ. ID. No. 65, SEQ. ID. No. 66, SEQ. ID. No. 67, SEQ. ID. No. 68, SEQ. ID. No. 69, SEQ. ID. No. 70, or SEQ. ID. No. 71. [0019] More embodiments include specificity exchangers that comprise at least one of the following sequences: SEQ. ID. No. 72, SEQ. ID. No. 73, SEQ. ID. No. 74, SEQ. ID. No. 75, SEQ. ID. No. 76, SEQ. ID. No. 77, SEQ. ID. No. 78, SEQ. ID. No. 79, SEQ. ID. No. 80, SEQ. ID. No. 81, SEQ. ID. No. 82, SEQ. ID. No. 83, SEQ. ID. No. 84, SEQ. ID. No. 85, SEQ. ID. No. 86, SEQ. ID. No. 87, SEQ. ID. No. 88, SEQ. ID. No. 89, SEQ. ID. No. 90, SEQ. ID. No. 91, SEQ. ID. No. 92, SEQ. ID. No. 93, SEQ. ID. No. 94, SEQ. ID. No. 95, SEQ. ID. No. 96, SEQ. ID. No. 97, SEQ. ID. No. 98, SEQ. ID. No. 99, SEQ. ID. No. 100, SEQ. ID. No. 101, SEQ. ID. No. 102, SEQ. ID. No. 103, SEQ. ID. No. 104, SEQ. ID. No. 105, SEQ. ID. No. 106, SEQ. ID. No. 107, SEQ. ID. No. 108, SEQ. ID. No. 109, SEQ. ID. No. 110, SEQ. ID. No. 111, SEQ. ID. No. 112, SEQ. ID. No. 113, SEQ. ID. No. 114, SEQ. ID. No. 115, SEQ. ID. No. 118, SEQ. ID. No. 119, SEQ. ID. No. 120, SEQ. ID. No. 121, SEQ. ID. No. 122, SEQ. ID. No. 123, SEQ. ID. No. 124, SEQ. ID. No. 125, SEQ. ID. No. 126, SEQ. ID. No. 127, SEQ. ID. No. 128, SEQ. ID. No. 159, SEQ. ID. No. 160, SEQ. ID. No. 161, SEQ. ID. No. 162, SEQ. ID. No. 163, SEQ. ID. No. 164, SEQ. ID. No. 165, SEQ. ID. No. 166, SEQ. ID. No. 167, SEQ. ID. No. 168, SEQ. ID. No. 169, SEQ. ID. No. 170, SEQ. ID. No. 171, SEQ. ID. No. 172, SEQ. ID. No. 173, SEQ. ID. No. 174, SEQ. ID. No. 175, SEQ. ID. No. 176, SEQ. ID. No. 177, SEQ. ID. No. 178, SEQ. ID. No. 179, SEQ. ID. No. 180, SEQ. ID. No. 181, SEQ. ID. No. 182, SEQ. ID. No. 183, SEQ. ID. No. 184, SEQ. ID. No. 185, SEQ. ID. No. 186, SEQ. ID. No. 187, SEQ. ID. No. 188, SEQ. ID. No. 189, SEQ. ID. No. 190, SEQ. ID. No. 191, SEQ. ID. No. 192, SEQ. ID. No. 193, SEQ. ID. No. 194, SEQ. ID. No. 195, or SEQ. ID. No. 196. [0020] Several embodiments also concern specificity exchangers that can be used to treat or prevent infection by a pathogen. One approach, for example, involves providing a therapeutically effective amount of a specificity exchanger to a subject, wherein said specificity exchanger comprises a specificity domain that interacts with a receptor or antigen on said pathogen, and an antigenic domain that comprises a peptide or an epitope obtained from a pathogen or toxin. Many of the specificity exchangers described herein can be used with these approaches. In some embodiments, the subject is monitored for a reduction of the pathogen after providing the specificity exchanger. In other approaches, the subject is identified as one in need of a molecule that redirects antibodies present in the subject to the pathogen prior to providing the specificity exchanger. [0021] Several embodiments also concern specificity exchangers that can be used to treat or prevent bacterial infection. By one approach, a therapeutically effective amount of a specificity exchanger is provided to a subject, wherein said specificity exchanger comprises a specificity domain that interacts with a receptor or antigen on said bacteria, and an antigenic domain that comprises a peptide or an epitope obtained from a pathogen or toxin. Several specificity exchangers that interact with bacteria, for example, Staphylococcus, are described herein and any one of these can be used with these methods. In some approaches, the subject is monitored for a reduction of the bacteria after providing the specificity exchanger. In other approaches, the subject is identified as one in need of a molecule that redirects antibodies present in the subject to the bacteria prior to providing the specificity exchanger. Continue reading about Specificity exchangers that redirect antibodies to a pathogen... 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