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Quadrature alignment in communications receiversRelated Patent Categories: Pulse Or Digital Communications, ReceiversQuadrature alignment in communications receivers description/claimsThe Patent Description & Claims data below is from USPTO Patent Application 20070036240, Quadrature alignment in communications receivers. Brief Patent Description - Full Patent Description - Patent Application Claims
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] 1. Field of the Invention [0002] The present invention relates to communications receivers and more particularly to techniques for generating precise quadrature reference signals for use in the same. [0003] 2. State of the Art [0004] Direct conversion receivers are known in the art as exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 6,061,551, incorporated herein by reference. Such receivers have various advantages over conventional superheterodyne receivers. Regardless of the receiver architecture, however, there is typically a need to generate quadrature reference signals, e.g., a pair of local oscillator (LO) signals phased-shifted by 90.degree.. Both analog and digital techniques have been employed for this purpose. In the case of an analog phase-shift network, because the phase-shift network is narrowband, inaccuracies result at frequencies separated from the nominal design frequency. As data rates and constellation complexity increase, these inaccuracies become a significant impairment. In the case of digital techniques, an input signal is required that is a frequency multiple of the desired LO frequency. This input signal is frequency divided, typically multiple times. Because of the high switching speeds involved, such circuitry tends to be fairly power hungry. [0005] U.S. Pat. No. 4,475,088, incorporated herein by reference, describes an alternative architecture for achieving quadrature alignment, i.e., for generating a pair of quadrature signals having a precise 90.degree. phase offset. As illustrated in FIG. 1, an RF input signal to be detected is coupled to a first input of first and second quadrature detectors, 10 and 12. A local oscillator 14 provides an RF signal which is divided into two reference signals separated from each other by a phase difference of approximately 90.degree. by a variable phase-shift network 16. These signals are coupled to the second inputs of the quadrature detectors 10 and 12. The output signals of the quadrature detectors 10 and 12 are the conventional I and Q signals associated with quadrature detection systems. The I and Q signals appearing at the outputs of the mixers 10 and 12 are coupled to a phase error detection network 18 implemented, for example, by a digital computer suitably programmed or with analog circuitry. As a result of the calculations performed by the phase error detection network 18, a phase error signal is generated which is used to adjust the variable phase shift network 16 to adjust the phase of the reference signals of the quadrature detectors to reduce the phase error. If the I channel output signal is represented as (A sin x) and the Q channel output signal is represented as (B sin y), then the following equation for the phase error results: .PHI. .times. .times. ( error ) = [ A .times. .times. sin .times. .times. x + B .times. .times. sin .times. .times. y A - 0.707 .times. B - A A - 1.414 ] The phase error detection network 18 is based on the foregoing equation. No embodiment of the variable phase shift network is described. [0006] There remains a need for a quadrature alignment technique that is simple in implementation and that achieves precise quadrature alignment. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0007] The present invention, generally speaking, takes advantage of the properties of quadrature signals to achieve precise quadrature alignment in a simple fashion. In particular, the expectation of the product of quadrature signals is zero. In accordance with the teachings of the invention, a phase error detection network therefore operates by multiplying the received quadrature signals and low-pass filtering the product to produce an error signal. When the signals are in precise quadrature relationship, the error signal will be zero. Real-time feedback control may be used to drive the error to zero. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a variable phase shift network is achieved using a dual delay line. The difference in delay between the two delay lines is adjusted in response to the error signal to obtain precise quadrature alignment. The principles of the invention may be applied in connection with traditional mixer architectures or with switch-mode (e.g., "aliased undersampling") architectures. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING [0008] The present invention may be further understood from the following description in conjunction with the appended drawing. In the drawing: [0009] FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a known receiver architecture; [0010] FIG. 2 is a diagram of a receiver in accordance with one embodiment of the invention; [0011] FIG. 3 is a diagram of a receiver in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; [0012] FIG. 4 is a diagram of a switch drive circuit that may be used in the receiver of FIG. 3; and [0013] FIG. 5 is a diagram of another switch drive circuit that may be used in the receiver of FIG. 3. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0014] The present invention takes advantage of the recognition that when I and Q output signals are in quadrature they should be orthogonal, implying the following:E[I(t)Q(t)]=0 That is, the expectation (or average value) of the product of I and Q should be zero. [0015] Referring now to FIG. 2, a diagram is shown of a receiver in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. A communications signal having a frequency f.sub.in is amplified, e.g. using a low-noise amplifier 201, and is input to respective I and Q mixers 203 and 205. Output signals from the mixers are low-pass filtered using filters 207 and 209 to produce respective I and Q output signals. The received signals I(t) and Q(t) are multiplied using a multiplier 211, and the resulting product is low-pass filtered using a low-pass filter 213 to produce an error signal 215. [0016] Reference signals 202 and 204 for the mixers 203 and 205 are produced using, for example, a dual delay line 216 the delay lines of which exhibit adjustable delays designated as .tau..sub.1 and .tau..sub.2, respectively. (An example of such a delay line is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,306,971, incorporated herein by reference.) A local oscillator signal having a frequency designated as f.sub.Lo is input to both delay lines of the dual delay line. In the illustrated embodiment, because conventional (e.g., Gilbert cell) mixers are used, f.sub.Lo=f.sub.in. [0017] The desired quadrature relation exists between the reference signals 202 and 204 when the following relationship is satisfied: .DELTA..tau. = .tau. 1 - .tau. 2 = 1 4 .times. f in = 1 4 .times. f LO ( 1 ) To cause the foregoing relationship to be satisfied, .tau..sub.1 is adjusted or .tau..sub.2 is adjusted (or both). This adjustment may be a one-time adjustment performed during manufacture. For example, if the delays are relatively stable over temperature and are fixed to exact quadrature for a mid-band frequency of the input signal receive band, then a typical error of approximately 2.degree. will be experienced at the frequency extremes of the receive band--less than the error of most reactive quadrature networks. [0018] Alternatively, the adjustment may be performed in real time. Referring again to FIG. 2, there is shown a controller 217 that receives the error signal 215 and produces a control signal 219 calculated to drive the error signal to zero, the control signal 219 being applied to the dual delay line 216. [0019] Ideally, when the foregoing equation is satisfied, the error signal will be zero. Note however that, depending on the characteristics of other components in the system, the reference signals may have a phase offset different than 90.degree. in order to obtain precise quadrature alignment of the received signals. This property, that the system is forgiving of potential forward-path impairments, results in increased robustness. [0020] A particularly advantageous arrangement is obtained when the foregoing quadrature alignment technique is applied to a switch-mode receiver architecture as illustrated in FIG. 3. The reference signals 302 and 304, instead of being applied directly to conventional mixers, are applied to switch drivers 310, which produce drive signals 306 and 308 for switches 303 and 305. An alias response of the switches may be used. Hence, in this embodiment, the frequency of the local oscillator may be a sub-harmonic of the frequency of the communications signal to be received; i.e.: f LO = f in N ( 2 ) where N is an integer greater than one. The time differences of equation (1) hold irrespective of the value of N in equation (2). Thus this technique is general for any mixer implementation. Using switching mixers, however, there results a direct-conversion receiver with no on-frequency local oscillator energy and with unusually high tolerance of blocking signals, i.e., signal of large amplitude in the vicinity of the frequency of interest. Continue reading about Quadrature alignment in communications receivers... Full patent description for Quadrature alignment in communications receivers Brief Patent Description - Full Patent Description - Patent Application Claims Click on the above for other options relating to this Quadrature alignment in communications receivers patent application. ###  How KEYWORD MONITOR works... a FREE service from FreshPatents1. Sign up (takes 30 seconds). 2. Fill in the keywords to be monitored. 3. Each week you receive an email with patent applications related to your keywords. Start now! - Receive info on patent apps like Quadrature alignment in communications receivers or other areas of interest. ### Previous Patent Application: High pass modulation of a phase locked loop Next Patent Application: Systems, methods, and apparatus for impulse noise mitigation Industry Class: Pulse or digital communications ### FreshPatents.com Support Thank you for viewing the Quadrature alignment in communications receivers patent info. 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