| Prostheses, systems and methods for replacement of natural facet joints with artificial facet joint surfaces -> Monitor Keywords |
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Prostheses, systems and methods for replacement of natural facet joints with artificial facet joint surfacesRelated Patent Categories: Surgery, Instruments, Orthopedic Instrumentation, Internal Fixation Means, Spinal Positioner Or StabilizerProstheses, systems and methods for replacement of natural facet joints with artificial facet joint surfaces description/claimsThe Patent Description & Claims data below is from USPTO Patent Application 20080097440, Prostheses, systems and methods for replacement of natural facet joints with artificial facet joint surfaces. Brief Patent Description - Full Patent Description - Patent Application Claims
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 11/197,679, filed Aug. 3, 2005 entitled "Implantable device for facet joint replacement", which is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 10/158,563, filed May 30, 2002, entitled "Prostheses Systems and Methods for Replacement of Natural Facet Joints With Artificial Facet Joint Surfaces" (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,974,478), which is a Continuation-in-Part of application Ser. No. 10/067,137, filed Feb. 4, 2002, entitled "Facet Arthroplasty Devices and Methods", (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,811,567) which is a Continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/963,272, filed on Oct. 20, 2000, entitled, "Facet Arthroplasty Devices and Methods", (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,610,091) which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/160,891, filed Oct. 22, 1999, entitled "Facet Arthroplasty Devices and Methods," which is incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] This invention relates to prostheses for treating various types of spinal pathologies, as well as to methods of treating spinal pathologies. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION I. Vertebral Anatomy [0003] As FIG. 1 shows, the human spinal column 10 is comprised of a series of thirty-three stacked vertebrae 12 divided into five regions. The cervical region includes seven vertebrae 12, known as C1-C7. The thoracic region includes twelve vertebrae 12, known as T1-T12. The lumbar region contains five vertebrae 12, known as T1-T5. The sacral region is comprised of five vertebrae 12, known as S1-S5. The coccygeal region contains four vertebrae 12, known as Co1-Co4. [0004] FIG. 2 shows a normal human lumbar vertebra 12. Although the lumbar vertebrae 12 vary somewhat according to location, they share many features common to most vertebrae 12. Each vertebra 12 includes a vertebral body 14. Two short bones, the pedicles 16, extend backward from each side of the vertebral body 14 to form a vertebral arch 18. [0005] At the posterior end of each pedicle 16 the vertebral arch 18 flares out into broad plates of bone known as the laminae 20. The laminae 20 fuse with each other to form a spinous process 22. The spinuous process 22 serves for muscle and ligamentous attachment. A smooth transition from the pedicles 16 into the laminae 20 is interrupted by the formation of a series of processes. [0006] Two transverse processes 24 thrust out laterally on each side from the junction of the pedicle 16 with the lamina 20. The transverse processes 24 serve as levers for the attachment of muscles to the vertebrae 12. Four articular processes, two superior 26 and two inferior 28, also rise from the junctions of the pedicles 16 and the laminae 20. The superior articular processes 26 are sharp oval plates of bone rising upward on each side from the union of the pedicle 16 with the lamina 20. The inferior processes 28 are oval plates of bone that jut downward on each side. [0007] The superior and inferior articular processes 26 and 28 each have a natural bony structure known as a facet. The superior articular facet 30 faces 30, while the inferior articular facet 31 faces downward. As FIG. 3 shows, when adjacent vertebrae 12 are aligned, the facets 30 and 31, capped with a smooth articular cartilage, interlock to form a facet joint 32, also known as a zygapopysial joint. [0008] The facet joint 32 is composed of a superior half and an inferior half. The superior half is formed by the vertebral level below the joint 32, and the inferior half is formed by the vertebral level above the joint 32. For example, in the L4-L5 facet joint, the superior portion of the joint is formed by bony structure on the L-5 vertebra (e.g., a superior articular surface and supporting bone on the L-5 vertebra), and the inferior portion of the joint is formed by bony structure on the L-4 vertebra (e.g., an inferior articular surface and supporting bone on the L-4 vertebra). [0009] As also shown in FIG. 3, an intervertebral disc 34 between each pair of vertebrae 12 permits gliding movement between vertebrae 12. Thus, the structure and alignment of the vertebrae 12 permit a range of movement of the vertebrae 12 relative to each other. II. Facet Joint Dysfunction [0010] Back pain, particularly in the "small of the back", or lumbosacral (L4-S1) region, is a common ailment. In many cases, the pain severely limits a person's functional ability and quality of life. Such pain can result from a variety of spinal pathologies. [0011] Through disease or injury, the laminae, spinous process, articular processes, or facets of one or more vertebral bodies can become damaged, such that the vertebrae no longer articulate or properly align with each other. This can result in an undesired anatomy, loss of mobility, and pain or discomfort. [0012] For example, the vertebral facet joints can be damaged by either traumatic injury or by various disease processes. These disease processes include osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylolysis, and degenerative spondylolisthesis. The damage to the facet joints often results in pressure on nerves, also called a "pinched" nerve, or nerve compression or impingement. The result is pain, misaligned anatomy, and a corresponding loss of mobility. Pressure on nerves can also occur without facet joint pathology, e.g., a herniated disc. [0013] One type of conventional treatment of facet joint pathology is spinal stabilization, also known as intervertebral stabilization. Intervertebral stabilization prevents relative motion between the vertebrae. By preventing movement, pain can be reduced. Stabilization can be accomplished by various methods. [0014] One method of stabilization is spinal fusion. Another method of stabilization is fixation of any number of vertebrae to stabilize and prevent movement of the vertebrae. [0015] Another type of conventional treatment is decompressive laminectomy. This procedure involves excision of the laminae to relieve compression of nerves. [0016] These traditional treatments are subject to a variety of limitations and varying success rates. Furthermore, none of the described treatments puts the spine in proper alignment or return the spine to a desired anatomy. In addition, stabilization techniques, by holding the vertebrae in a fixed position, permanently limit a person's mobility. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0017] There is a need for prostheses, systems, and methods that overcome the problems and disadvantages associated with current strategies and designs in various treatments for spine pathologies. [0018] The invention provides prostheses, systems, and methods designed to replace natural facet joints and/or part of the lamina at virtually all spinal levels including L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L4, L4-L5, L5-S1, T-11-T12, and T12-L1. The prostheses, systems, and methods can restore a desired anatomy to a spine and give back to an individual a desired range of mobility. The prostheses, systems, and methods also can lessen or alleviate spinal pain by relieving the source nerve compression or impingement. Continue reading about Prostheses, systems and methods for replacement of natural facet joints with artificial facet joint surfaces... 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