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Multiple frequency antenna structures and methods for receiving navigation or ranging signalsMultiple frequency antenna structures and methods for receiving navigation or ranging signals description/claimsThe Patent Description & Claims data below is from USPTO Patent Application 20070285308, Multiple frequency antenna structures and methods for receiving navigation or ranging signals. Brief Patent Description - Full Patent Description - Patent Application Claims
BACKGROUND [0001] The present invention relates to range or position determination. In particular, signal structures, transmitters, receivers, other components and/or methods of operation of a ranging or positioning system are provided. [0002] Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) allow a receiver to determine a position from ranging signals received from a plurality of satellites. Different GNSS systems are available or have been proposed, such as the global positioning system (GPS), Gallileo or GLONASS. The GPS has both civilian and military applications. Different ranging signals are used for the two different applications, allowing for different accuracies in position determination. [0003] Position is determined from code and/or carrier phase information. A code division multiple access code is transmitted from each of the satellites of the global positioning system. The spread spectrum code is provided at a 1 MHz modulation rate for civilian applications and a 10 MHz modulation rate for military applications. The code provided on the L1 carrier wave for civilian use is about 300 kilometers long. The codes from different satellites are correlated with replica codes to determine ranges to different satellites. Using civilian code phase information, an accuracy of around one or two meters may be determined. Centimeter level accuracy may be determined using real-time kinematic processing of carrier phase information. A change in position of the satellites over time allows resolution of carrier phase ambiguity. [0004] In addition to satellite based systems, land-based transmitters may be used for determining a range or position. Land based transmitters may include pseudolites. Pseudolite systems have been proposed for landing aircraft and determining a position of a cellular telephone. Pseudolites typically use GPS style signals or codes. For example, a GPS spectrum code is transmitted on a same or different carrier frequency as used for GPS. Code division multiple access (CDMA) may be over-laid with time division multiple access (TDMA) methods to increase a dynamic range of the GPS style coded signals. Some pseudolites systems are arranged for use with GNSS. As a result of using GNSS types of signals, psuedolite systems may be limited to several meters of accuracy based on code phase measurements. BRIEF SUMMARY [0005] The present invention is defined by the following claims, and nothing in this section should be taken as a limitation on those claims. By way of introduction, the preferred embodiments described below include methods and systems for a land-based range or position determination. To provide sub-meter accuracy, ranging signals with a high modulation rate of code, such as 30 MHz or more, are transmitted. Code phase measurements may be used to obtain the accuracy without requiring relative motion or real time kinematic processing to resolve any carrier cycle ambiguity. The ISM bands or X-band is used for the carrier of the code to provide sufficient bandwidth within available spectrums. The length of codes used is at least about a longest length across the region of operation, yet less than an order of magnitude longer, such as about 15 kilometers in an open pit mine, but other lengths may be used. The spread spectrum codes from different land-based transmitters are transmitted in time slots pursuant to a time division multiple access scheme for an increase in dynamic range. The dynamic range is a range of power over which a receiver can track a signal, to distinguish from "range" as in distance measurement. To avoid overlapping of code from different transmitters, each time slot includes or is separated by a blanking period. The blanking period is selected to allow the transmitted signal to traverse a region of operation without overlap with a signal transmitted in a subsequent time slot by a different transmitter. Differential measurements of signals received at a base station and a mobile receiver may allow for improved accuracy. Any one or more of the signal structure characteristics summarized above may be used independently or in combination with other signal characteristics in a land-based transmitter system. [0006] In addition to or for use independently of the signal structure characteristics discussed above, the land-based transmitters include free running oscillators or oscillators free of clock synchronization with any remote oscillator. A reference receiver receives the ranging signals from different transmitters and generates timing offset information, such as code phase measurements. The timing offset information is then communicated back to transmitters. The temporal offset information indicates relative timing or phasing of the different transmitted ranging signals to the reference receiver. The transmitters then transmit the temporal offset information with the ranging signals, such as modulating the transmitted code by the timing offset information. A mobile receiver is operable to receive the ranging signals and timing offset information in a same communications path, such as on a same carrier. Alternatively, the timing offset information is communicated from the reference directly to the mobile. A system with oscillators that are synchronized with GNSS or any other synchronization source may be used. Position is determined with the temporal offset information and the ranging signals. The temporal offset information for the various transmitters allows the mobile receiver to more accurately determine position than in an unsynchronized system. Various aspects of the synchronization of the system discussed above may be used independently of each other or in combination. [0007] In addition to or for use independent from the above described synchronization and signal characteristics, other features are provided in a land-based ranging system. For example, augmentation of the land-based system is provided by receiving signals from a GNSS. The signals from the land-based positioning system have code phase accuracy better than one wavelength of a carrier of the signals from the GNSS. Different decorrelation may be used for signals from a satellite than from a land-based transmitter, such as using a digital decorrelator for signals from the satellite and an analog decorrelator for signals from a land-based transmitter. The receivers may include both a GNSS antenna and a higher frequency microwave antenna, also referred to as a local antenna. The term "microwave" is used here to include frequencies from about 900 MHz to 300 GHz. The phase centers of the two antennas are within one wavelength of the GNSS signals from each other. The microwave antenna is sized for operation in the X or ISM-bands of frequencies. The GNSS antenna is a patch antenna where the microwave antenna may extend away from the patch antenna in at least one dimension. Any of the various characteristics of an augmented GNSS and land-based ranging system may be used independently or in combination. [0008] In addition to or for use independent of the signal characteristics, synchronization characteristics or augmentation characteristics discussed above, a receiver is adapted for receiving signals from a land-based transmitter. The receiver includes an analog decorrelator for decorrelating the transmitted spread spectrum signals. A down converter connected with an antenna may be spaced away from other portions of the receiver. The down converter down converts received ranging signals and provides them to the remotely spaced receiver portions. A signal line connecting the down converter to the receiver may be operable to transmit any two or more of a reference signal provided to the down converter, the down converted intermediate frequency signals provided to the receiver, and power provided to the down converter. The receiver may be positioned adjacent to or as part of a land-based transmitter. By determining positions of two or more antennas, the location of the associated transmitter is determined. Any of the various receiver characteristics described above may be used independently or in combination. [0009] In a first aspect, an antenna system is provided for a positioning system. A GNSS antenna has a phase center and is capable of receiving GNSS signals. A microwave antenna is positioned adjacent to the GNSS antenna. The microwave antenna has a phase center within at most one wavelength of the GNSS signals from the phase center of the GNSS antenna. A receiver connects with both antennas and is operable to determine a position as a function of signals from both antennas. [0010] In a second aspect, an antenna system is provided for a positioning system. A patch antenna has a phase center and is sized for operation at a desired frequency. A microwave antenna is positioned adjacent to the patch antenna. The microwave antenna has a phase center within at most one wavelength of the desired frequency of the patch antenna from the phase center of the microwave antenna. The microwave antenna extends away from the patch antenna in at least one dimension. [0011] In a third aspect, a method is provided for receiving ranging signals in different frequency bands. Ranging signals in one frequency band are received with a first antenna. Ranging signals in a different frequency band are received with a second antenna. The second antenna is a microwave antenna with a phase center being within one wavelength of the center frequency of the first antenna from the phase center of the first antenna. A position is determined as a function of ranging signals in the different frequency bands. [0012] In a fourth aspect, a method is provided for receiving ranging signals in different frequency bands. GNSS signals are received with a first antenna. X-band signals are received with a second antenna having a phase center within one wavelength of the GNSS signals of the phase center of the GNSS antenna. [0013] Further aspects and advantages of the invention are discussed below in conjunction with the preferred embodiments. The further aspects and advantages may be later claimed independently or in combination. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0014] The components and the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. Moreover, in the figures, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the different views. [0015] FIG. 1 is a graphical representation of one embodiment of a local positioning system with GNSS augmentation in an open pit mine; [0016] FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of one embodiment of characteristics of a code and carrier of radio frequency ranging signals; [0017] FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of time division multiple access transmissions used in a local positioning system of one embodiment; [0018] FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of time division multiple access transmissions of another embodiment; [0019] FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of the distribution of local transmitters and receivers for differential positioning in one embodiment; [0020] FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of the distribution of local transmitters and receivers for differential positioning in another embodiment; [0021] FIG. 7 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a land-based transmitter; Continue reading about Multiple frequency antenna structures and methods for receiving navigation or ranging signals... 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