| Function homology screening -> Monitor Keywords |
|
|
 
Function homology screeningRelated Patent Categories: Chemistry: Molecular Biology And Microbiology, Measuring Or Testing Process Involving Enzymes Or Micro-organisms; Composition Or Test Strip Therefore; Processes Of Forming Such Composition Or Test Strip, Involving Viable Micro-organismFunction homology screening description/claimsThe Patent Description & Claims data below is from USPTO Patent Application 20080070271, Function homology screening. Brief Patent Description - Full Patent Description - Patent Application Claims
FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The field of the invention is the discrimination between different cellular pathways and their use in the determination of the effect of agents on cell cultures. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] Pharmaceutical drug discovery, a multi-billion dollar industry, involves the identification and validation of therapeutic targets, as well as the identification and optimization of lead compounds. The explosion in numbers of potential new targets and chemical entities resulting from genomics and combinatorial chemistry approaches over the past few years has placed enormous pressure on screening programs. The rewards for identification of a useful drug are enormous, but the percentages of hits from any screening program are generally very low. Desirable compound screening methods solve this problem by both allowing for a high throughput so that many individual compounds can be tested; and by providing biologically relevant information so that there is a good correlation between the information generated by the screening assay and the pharmaceutical effectiveness of the compound. [0003] Some of the more important features for pharmaceutical effectiveness are specificity for the targeted cell or disease, a lack of toxicity at relevant dosages, and specific activity of the compound against its molecular target. Therefore, one would like to have a method for screening compounds or libraries of compounds that allows simultaneous evaluation for the effect of a compound on different cellular pathways, where the assay predicts aspects of clinical relevance and potentially of future in vivo performance. [0004] While collecting information about multiple aspects of pharmacologic activity is useful because it provides a more complete analysis of the compound, it also makes the data analysis more difficult, because multiple parameters must be considered. Developments in computing technologies can provide solutions, but must be tied into the matrix of biological information. [0005] In addition, cellular physiology involves multiple pathways, where pathways split and join, redundancies in performing specific actions and responding to a change in one pathway by modifying the activity of a different pathway. In order to understand how a candidate drug is acting and whether it will have the desired effect, it is necessary to know, not only the target protein with which the drug reacts, but whether the inhibition of the protein activity will result in the desired response. The development of screening assays that can provide better, faster and more efficient prediction of mechanisms of action, cellular effects and clinical drug performance is of great interest in a number of fields, and is addressed in the present invention. It is an object of the invention to provide a method for screening for inhibitors or modulators of cellular processes, which provide multiparameter information about the action of the agents tested on multiple cellular pathways. Relevant Literature [0006] In many assays, cell-free components such as enzymes and their substrates are used for compound screening. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,568,649 describes ligand detection systems which employ scintillation counting. In these methods, the therapeutic utility of compounds identified in such assays is presumed from a large body of other evidence previously identifying that a particular enzyme or target may be important to a disease process. [0007] Cell based assays include a variety of methods to measure metabolic activities of cells including: uptake of tagged molecules or metabolic precursors, receptor binding methods, incorporation of tritiated thymidine as a measure of cellular proliferation, uptake of protein or lipid biosynthesis precursors, the binding of radiolabeled or otherwise labeled ligands; assays to measure calcium flux, and a variety of techniques to measure the expression of specific genes or their gene products. [0008] Compounds have also been screened for their ability to inhibit the expression of specific genes in gene reporter assays. For example, Ashby et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,588; Rine and Ashby U.S. Pat. No. 5,777,888 describe a genome reporter matrix approach for comparing the effect of drugs on a panel of reporter genes to reveal effects of a compound on the transcription of a spectrum of genes in the genome. [0009] Methods utilizing genetic sequence microarrays allow the detection of changes in expression patterns in response to stimulus. A few examples include U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,437; Luria et al., "Method for identifying translationally regulated genes"; U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,755, Wang, "Quantitative microarray hybridization assays"; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,076, Chenchik et al., "Methods of assaying differential expression". U.S. Pat. No. 6,146,830, Friend et al. "Method for determining the presence of a number of primary targets of a drug". [0010] Proteomics techniques have potential for application to pharmaceutical drug screening. These methods require technically complex analysis and comparison of high resolution two-dimensional gels or other separation methods, often followed by mass spectrometry (for reviews see Hatzimanikatis et al. (1999) Biotechnol Proq 15(3):312-8; Blackstock et al. (1999) Trends Biotechnol 17(3):121-7. A discussion of the uses of proteomics in drug discovery may be found in Mullner et al. (1998) Arzneimittelforschung 48(1):93-5. [0011] Various methods have been used to determine the function of a genetic sequence. The initial effort is often performed from sequence information alone. Such techniques can reasonably determine if a new gene encodes a soluble or membrane-bound protein, a member of a known gene family such as the immunoglobulin gene family or the tetraspan gene family, or contains domains associated with particular functions (e.g. calcium binding, SH2 domains etc.). Multiple alignments against a database of known sequences are frequently calculated using an heuristic approach, as described in Altschul et al. (1994) Nat. Genet. 6:119. [0012] Alternatively, "reverse genetics" is used to identify gene function. Techniques include the use of genetically modified cells and animals. A targeted gene may be "knocked out" by site specific recombination, introduction of anti-sense constructs or constructs encoding dominant negative mutations, and the like (see, for some examples, U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,153, Capecchi et al. for methods of creating transgenic animals; Lagna et al. (1998) Curr Top Dev Biol 36:75-98 for an overview of the use of dominant negative constructs; and Nellen et al. (1993) Trends Biochem Sci 18(11):419-23 for a review of anti-sense constructs). [0013] Cells and animals may also be modified by the introduction of genetic function, through the introduction of functional coding sequences corresponding to the genetic sequence of interest. General techniques for the creation of transgenic animals may be found in Mouse Genetics and Transgenics: A Practical Approach (Practical Approach Series) by Ian J. Jackson (Editor), Catherine M. Abbott (Editor). While they have proven useful in many ways, however, transgenic animals frequently suffer from problems of time and expense, as well as compensatory mechanisms, redundancies, pleiotropic genetic effects, and the lethality of certain mutations. [0014] Another approach for discovering the function of genes utilizes gene chips or microarrays. DNA sequences representing all the genes in an organism can be placed on miniature solid supports and used as hybridization substrates to quantitate the expression of all the genes represented in a complex mRNA sample, and assess the effect of a perturbation on gene expression. Methods utilizing genetic sequence microarrays can be applied to pharmaceutical target validation. In these methods, genetic modifications are evaluated for their effects on the expression of particular genes. A few examples include U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,437; Luria et al., "Method for identifying translationally regulated genes"; U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,755, Wang, "Quantitative microarray hybridization assays"; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,076, Chenchik et al., "Methods of assaying differential expression". [0015] Gene reporter assays can also be used to characterize the effect of genetic modifications by their ability to inhibit the expression of specific genes in gene reporter assays. For example, Ashby et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,588; Rine and Ashby U.S. Pat. No. 5,777,888 describe a genome reporter matrix approach for comparing the effect of drugs on a panel of reporter genes to reveal effects of a compound on the transcription of a spectrum of genes in the genome. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0016] Methods and compositions are provided for function homology screening by discriminating between different cellular pathways, both as to the effect of genotype modification on cellular pathways and changes in parameters resulting from changes in the pathways, and using the discrimination for determining the effect of an agent on a mammalian cell culture system simulating cellular functions, as in a cellular state of interest, usually associated with a diseased state of a mammalian host. Cells capable of responding to factors and simulating the state of interest are employed, where the factors enhance the response of the measured components of the phenotype to approximate the response in vivo to external agents. A sufficient number of factors are employed to involve a plurality of pathways and a sufficient number of parameters are selected to be involved with a plurality of pathways and provide a robust response to the effect of a change in the environment of the cells. A flexible, multiplex screening assay is provided for screening and biological activity classification of biologically active agents. Assays are performed in the presence of an agent of interest, whereby a level of at least about 3 markers is obtained associated with the presence of the agent and the results compared to the level of the markers observed in the absence of the agent. By employing reagents that are known to have an effect on a pathway in conjunction with the agent, the pathway affected by the agent can be determined. The data resulting from the assays can be processed to provide robust comparisons between different environments and agents. Databases are provided so that agents and their effects may be compared. Particularly, biomaps are provided allowing for ready comparison, --visual, mathematical and electronic--of the results of different assays involving the same or different agents with assays involving the same or different reagents. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0017] FIG. 1. Assay combinations for screening inflammatory modulators. A. Expression of selected readout parameters on selected assay combinations of HUVEC treated with proinflammatory cytokines. Confluent cultures of HUVEC cells were treated with TNF-.alpha. (5 ng/ml), IFN-.gamma. (100 ng/ml) or IL-1 (1 ng/ml). After 24 hours, cultures were washed and evaluated for the presence of the parameters ICAM-1 (1), VCAM-1 (2), E-selectin (3), IL-8 (4), CD31 (5), HLA-DR (6) and MIG (7) by cell-based ELISA. For this, plates were inverted until dry, blocked with 1% Blotto for 1 hr, and treated with primary antibodies (obtained from Pharmingen and Becton Dickinson) at 1 ng/ml for 1 hr. Plates were washed and secondary peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse IgG antibody (Promega) at 1:2500 was applied for 1 hr. After washing, TMB substrate (Kierkegaard & Perry) was added and color developed. Development was stopped by addition of H.sub.2SO.sub.4 and the absorbance at 450 nm (subtracting the background absorbance at 650 nm) with a Molecular Devices plate reader. The relative expression levels of each parameter are indicated by the OD at 450 nm shown along the y-axis. The mean +/-SD from triplicate samples is shown. B. Expression of selected readout parameters on selected assay combinations of HUVEC treated with cytokine combinations. Confluent cultures of HUVEC cells were treated with TNF-.alpha. (5 ng/ml), IFN-.gamma. (100 ng/ml) or TNF-.alpha. and IFN-.gamma.. After 24 hours, cultures were washed and evaluated for the presence of the parameters ICAM-1 (1), VCAM-1 (2), E-selectin (3), IL-8 (4), CD31 (5), HLA-DR (6) and MIG (7) by cell-based ELISA performed as described above. The relative expression levels of each parameter are indicated by the OD at 450 nm. The mean +/-SD from triplicate samples are shown. C. Expression of selected readout parameters on selected assay combinations of HUVEC treated with cytokine combinations. Confluent cultures of HUVEC cells were treated with TNF-.alpha. (5 ng/ml)+IFN-.gamma. (100 ng/ml) or TNF-.alpha. (5 ng/ml)+IFN-.gamma. (100 ng/ml)+IL-1 (1 ng/ml). After 24 hours, cultures were washed and evaluated for the presence of the parameters ICAM-1 (1), VCAM-1 (2), E-selectin (3), IL-8 (4), CD31 (5), HLA-DR (6) and MIG (7) by cell-based ELISA performed as described above. The relative expression levels of each parameter are indicated by the OD at 450 nm. The mean +/-SD from triplicate samples are shown. * indicates p<0.05 comparing results obtained with the two separate conditions, n=3. [0018] FIG. 2. Assay combinations for screening inflammatory modulators. Confluent cultures of HU VEC cells were treated with combinations of TNF-.alpha. (5 ng/ml), IFN-.gamma. (200 ng/ml) and IL-1 (1 ng/ml) or base media. After 24 hours, cultures were washed and evaluated for the presence of ICAM-1 (1), VCAM-1 (2), E-selectin (3), IL-8 (4), CD31 (5), HLA-DR (6) and MIG (7) by cell-based ELISA performed as described in FIG. 1. A. The relative expression level of each parameter is shown along the y-axis as average value of the OD measured at 450 nm of triplicate samples. B. A color-coded representation of the data shown in A. For each parameter and assay combination, the square is colored light gray if the parameter measurement is unchanged (<20% above or below the measurement in the first assay combination (IL-1+TNF+IFN-.gamma.) or p>0.05, n=3); white/gray hatched indicates that the parameter measurement is moderately increased (>20% but <50%); white indicates the parameter measurement is strongly increased (>50%); black/gray hatched indicates that the parameter measurement is moderated decreased (>20% but <50%); black indicates that the parameter measurement is strongly decreased (>50% less than the level measured in the first assay combination). C. A tree diagram representation of the biomaps prepared from data shown in A and B. Resulting biomaps were compared and analyzed by hierarchical clustering. Biomap relationships are visualized by a tree diagram in which a) each terminal branch point represents the biomap prepared from the indicated assay combination; b) the length of the vertical distance from the upper horizontal line (no change and control patterns) to the termini are related to the extent of difference in the readout pattern from the reference pattern (IL-1+TNF-.alpha.+IFN-.gamma.); and c) the distance along the branches from one terminal pattern value to another reflects the extent of difference between them. [0019] FIG. 3. Effect of neutralizing anti-TNF-.alpha. antibody on the expression of readout parameters in the inflammatory assay combination containing three factors (IL-1+TNF-.alpha.+IFN-.gamma.). Confluent cultures of HUVEC cells were treated with TNF-.alpha. (5 ng/ml)+IFN-.gamma. (200 ng/ml)+IL-1 (1 ng/ml) in the presence or absence of neutralizing anti-TNF-.alpha. (R&D Systems) or control Goat anti-IgG. After 24 hours, cultures were washed and evaluated for the cell surface expression of ICAM-1 (1), VCAM-1 (2), E-selectin (3), IL-8 (4), CD31 (5), HLA-DR (6) and MIG (7) by cell-based ELISA performed as described in FIG. 1. A. The relative expression of each parameter is shown along the y-axis as average value of the OD measured at 450 nm of triplicate samples. The mean +/-SD from triplicate samples are shown. * indicates p<0.05 comparing results obtained with anti-TNF-.alpha. to the control. B. A color-coded representation of biomaps prepared from the data shown in A. For each parameter and assay combination, the square is colored light gray if the parameter measurement is unchanged (<20% above or below the measurement in the first assay combination (IL-1+TNF-.alpha.+IFN-.gamma.) or p>0.05, n=3); white/gray hatched indicates that the parameter measurement is moderately increased (>20% but <50%); white indicates the parameter measurement is strongly increased (>50%); black/gray hatched indicates that the parameter measurement is moderated decreased (>20% but <50%); black indicates that the parameter measurement is strongly decreased (>50% less than the level measured in the first assay combination). Continue reading about Function homology screening... Full patent description for Function homology screening Brief Patent Description - Full Patent Description - Patent Application Claims Click on the above for other options relating to this Function homology screening patent application. ###  How KEYWORD MONITOR works... a FREE service from FreshPatents1. Sign up (takes 30 seconds). 2. Fill in the keywords to be monitored. 3. Each week you receive an email with patent applications related to your keywords. Start now! - Receive info on patent apps like Function homology screening or other areas of interest. ### Previous Patent Application: Differential expression profiling analysis of cell culture phenotypes and the uses thereof Next Patent Application: Methods and kits for testing the efficacy of therapeutic compounds and other therapies in a three-dimensional matrix with respect to tumorous cells and tissue Industry Class: Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology ### FreshPatents.com Support Thank you for viewing the Function homology screening patent info. IP-related news and info Results in 0.24244 seconds Other interesting Feshpatents.com categories: Accenture , Agouron Pharmaceuticals , Amgen , AT&T , Bausch & Lomb , Callaway Golf 174 |
 * Protect your Inventions * US Patent Office filing 
PATENT INFO |
|
