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Emulsion impregnated rawhide chewsRelated Patent Categories: Food Or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, And Products, Treatment Of Live AnimalEmulsion impregnated rawhide chews description/claimsThe Patent Description & Claims data below is from USPTO Patent Application 20070116798, Emulsion impregnated rawhide chews. Brief Patent Description - Full Patent Description - Patent Application Claims
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This application is a continuation of copending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/361,225, filed 10 Feb. 2003, published as U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004-0156883, and now U.S. Pat. No. 7,147,888, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention is directed to emulsion, surfactant, flavorant, conditioner and/or active ingredient impregnated rawhide pet chews suitable for encouraging pets to control biofilms and the fetid breath associated with biofilms. As these impregnated rawhide pet chews are chewed, they physically remove and disrupt biofilms while simultaneously releasing substantive biofilm disrupting substances and/or flavorants throughout the oral cavity of the pet. These rawhide chews are physically disrupted and/or penetrated in order to augment substance impregnation substantially throughout the chew. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Unlike humans, pets do not chew and thoroughly masticate their food before swallowing. Because most of their teeth are sectorial in design (i.e., built for tearing and shredding meat from a carcass and not grinding), pets do not have serious problems with caries. That is, due to limited masticating, pets generally do not pack food and debris between their teeth like humans do. However, pets are domesticated carnivores, taken out of the wild. Accordingly, they no longer have the opportunity to regularly rip, tear and/or shred meat from the carcass of their prey. This lack of "carnivore-type" chewing activity renders most domesticated pets vulnerable to gum disease. [0004] Unfortunately, like their civilized owners, domesticated pets generally suffer from gum disease at about the same incidence as adult humans. For example, more than 86% of the dogs and cats older than four years of age that are brought to veterinary clinics have periodontal disease. See Colmery B., Front R., Vet. Clin. N America, 18:891 (1982). [0005] Periodontal disease is the overwhelming reason for tooth loss in dogs. Unfortunately, in most cases, treatment for periodontal disease must continue for the life of the pet, because of the pet's continued susceptibility and the chronicity of the disease. Groe T. K., The Compendium on Continuing Education, Vol. 564, No. 7, June 1982. [0006] Periodontal disease in the domestic cat was studied by Rerchart P A et al., and reported in J. Periodont. Res., 19:67 (1984). Periodontal disease is the most common dental disease in cats. J.V.D., Vol. 5, No. 2, June 1988, and is the most prevalent disease condition found in cats today, Cats Magazine, 16-18, January 1987. [0007] Periodontal problems are progressive. The first occurrence is the formation of plaque (more accurately described as biofilm), which is a transparent, adhesive fluid composed of the mucin in saliva, food particles, sloughed epithelial cells from the abrasive process of eating and the mouth's resident bacteria (usually aerobic Gram-positive, nonmotile cocci). The adhesive matrix that contains the bacteria is called the pellicle. [0008] Soft plaque can be removed from teeth by the mechanical action of brushing. If plaque is not removed, the mineral salts in the saliva, particularly calcium carbonate, will precipitate into the plaque forming hard dental calculus (tartar). Eventually, this hard, rough-surfaced tartar is irritating to the tissue wall of the gingival sulcus. This irritation inflames the soft tissues. Specifically, tartar can be defined as an incrustation of the teeth consisting of salivary secretion, food residue and various salts, such as calcium carbonate or phosphate. [0009] When tartar or plaque (biofilm) collects on the teeth, it creates pressure on the gums causing them to become inflamed and to recede. Affected gums appear reddish-blue in color and bleed easily. Teeth in neglected pets may become loose. At this state, pus can be expressed from the surface of the gums when mild pressure is applied. Stoder E. and Stapley R. D., Veterinary Medicine/Small Animal Clinician, 1124, October 1973. [0010] The organisms present in inflamed gum tissue are usually anaerobic, Gram-negative, motile bacilli. See: Eisner E. R., Veterinary Medicine, 97-104, January 1989, Frost R., Williams C. A., Vet. Clin. N. Amer., 16(5):851-874 (1986); Harvey E. E. et al., Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa. (1982), pp. 1126-1187. Harvey C. E., Veterinary Dentistry, W.B. Saunders, Phila Pa. (1985), pp. 34-66, 956-199. Ross D. L., Current Veterinary Therapy, VI, W. B. Saunders. Phila Pa. (1977), pp. 918-921; Eisenmenger, E. Zetner C., Veterinary Dentistry, Lea & Febiger, Phila, Pa. (1985) pp. 13 1-150; Harvey C. E., Textbook of Small Animal Surgery, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa. (1985), pp. 615-620. The depth of the gingival sulcus in dogs suffering from gum disease extends from a normal condition of 1-2 mm in depth to an abnormal condition of 3-4 mm in depth, or greater. The detachment of the gingiva and the formation of periodontal pockets begins at this depth of the gingival sulcus. [0011] Of the several signs of periodontal disease readily evident to the examining veterinarian as well as the owner, the most common presenting sign is "halitosis", i.e., "fetid breath". Kyle M. A., J.V.D. Vol. 5, No. 2, June 1988. This bad breath is a byproduct of the infection in the mouth. Pain due to the bacterial toxins produced accompanies this condition. If the oral pain is severe enough, irritability and improper eating habits generally develop. Eisner E. R., Veterinary Medicine, 97-104, January 1989. [0012] Biofilm formation in pets is an extremely complex process. Almost immediately after removal of bacteria from the tooth surface by prophylaxis, a ubiquitous layer of dental pellicle is formed on tooth surfaces. The early bacterial colonizers, mostly facultative gram-positive Streptococci and Actinomyces species, adhere to the dental pellicles on the tooth surface. Following the adherence of early colonizers, the biofilm increases its cell numbers mainly by bacterial growth. [0013] The microbial composition of biofilms gradually becomes more diversified, and after two to three weeks, the biofilm becomes a mature bacterial community. During biofilm development, various types of bacterial adhesives mediate the attachment of the bacteria to receptors in dental pellicles or on the surface of other bacteria. See Davey and O'Toole, "Microbial biofilms: from ecology to molecular genetics" Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 64:847-67 (2000). [0014] Periodontitis can be prevented by keeping the pet's teeth clear of plaque and tartar buildup (biofilm), by regular cleansing of the teeth and gums or by periodic mechanical removal of tartar and/or plaque by an oral care professional. Studer E., Stapley R. D., Veterinary Medicine Small Animal Clinician, 1124, October 1983. [0015] According to Eisner E. R., "Basic home care consisting of regular brushing to maintain healthy teeth and gums is the cornerstone of treatment for periodontal disease in pets." Veterinary Medicine, 698-708, July 1989. [0016] Unfortunately, dental hygiene in pets is something that most owners neglect. Many pet owners are unaware that just like people, pets require regular dental care. Most pet treat manufacturers have attempted at one time or another to incorporate various oral hygiene benefits in their pet care products. To date, these oral care adjuncts to pet food, chews, treats, etc., have not proven too successful, as the previously referenced survey of oral hygiene of pets older than four years of age brought to veterinary clinics indicates. [0017] Various rawhide chew toys have been the primary focus for attempting to remove and/or control biofilms in pets. [0018] Rawhide is a byproduct of the slaughter of hoofed animals and consists of the hide, tendons, etc. of the animal. Rawhide contains about 65-70% water, 30-35% dry material and less than 1% ash. The dry material is largely made up of fibrous proteins, collagen, keratin, elastin and reticulin. Due to this high water content, previously known methods of processing rawhide required that the rawhide be dried before it is used to produce pet chews. For a detailed description of rawhide, see: [0019] Chemical Technology: An Encyclopedic Treatment, Vol. V, Barnes & Noble Books, (1972) Pages 392 to 406, is a general disclosure of types of leathers and their uses, and the tanning of leather. Arnold, John R., Hides and Skins, (1925), pages 6, 7, 252, 253, 310 and 311, is a general disclosure on raw and tanned hides and skins. [0020] Footwear And Leather Abstracts. Information Retrieval Limited, Vol. II, No. 1, (1967), page 61, discloses several methods for the depilation of skins and raw hides and for processing raw hide. [0021] North American Packer Hides, Pratt Bros. Co., (1939), page 107, defines rawhide leather as being hides that have been limed, dehaired and stuffed with oil or grease, but otherwise not tanned. Flemming, Louis, A., Practical Tanning, (1910), pages 81 to 83, describes methods of making leather. Continue reading about Emulsion impregnated rawhide chews... 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