Electrolysis: processes, compositions used therein, and methods of preparing the compositions inventions 08/06

20060191794 - Secondary cell with polymer coated anode: A secondary lithium cell in which the anode is made by first taking an electrode comprising a material which undergoes a structural change when it is first charged and discharged such as a layer of tin, assembling a cell comprising the said anode, a cathode containing lithium ions, and an...

20060191795 - Apparatus and method for electrochemically processing a microelectronic workpiece: A reactor for use in electrochemical processing of a microelectronic workpiece is set forth and described herein. The apparatus comprises one or more walls defining a processing space therebetween for containing a processing fluid. The processing space includes at least a first fluid flow region and a second fluid flow...

20060191796 - Anodizing valve metals by controlled power: The present invention is directed to a method for anodizing valve metal structures to a target formation voltage with a controlled power source....

20060191797 - Acid electrolytes: An acid electrolyte and method of using the electrolyte to both deposit tin and tin-alloys on iron containing substrates and at the same time perform as a flux to inhibit the formation of haze and stains on the tin and tin-alloys. The electrolytes and methods are suitable for plating on...

20060191798 - Electrolytic copper foil with low roughness surface and process for producing the same: An electrolytic copper foil with low roughness surface whose surface roughness (Rz) is 2.0 μm or less, the surface uniformly provided with low roughness without uneven surge, which electrolytic copper foil exhibits a percent elongation of 10.0% or higher at 180° C. This electrolytic copper foil with low roughness surface...

20060191799 - Electrochemical reduction of metal oxides: An electrochemical cell for electrochemical reduction of a metal oxide, such as titania, in a solid state, is disclosed. The cell includes (a) a molten electrolyte (18), (b) a cathode (20) formed at least in part from the metal oxide in contact with the electrolyte, (c) an anode (14), and...

20060191800 - Methods and apparatus for removing conductive material from a microelectronic substrate: A method and apparatus for removing conductive material from a microelectronic substrate. In one embodiment, a support member supports a microelectronic substrate relative to first and second electrodes, which are spaced apart from each other and spaced apart from the microelectronic substrate. One or more electrolytes are disposed between the...

20060185983 - Method for manufacturing optical element: A method for manufacturing an optical element having a metal wire grid containing a plurality of metal wires on a substrate includes forming the metal wire grid using an electrolytic plating process....

20060185984 - Metal electrowinning cell with electrolyte purifier: A cell for electrowinning a metal, in particular aluminium, from a compound thereof dissolved in an electrolyte (30) comprises an anode (40) and a cathode (10,11) that contact the electrolyte (30), the cathode (10,11) being during use at a cathodic potential for reducing thereon species of the metal to be...

20060185985 - Removing carbon dioxide from waste streams through co-generation of carbonate and/or bicarbonate minerals: Apparatuses and methods for removing carbon dioxide and other pollutants from a gas stream are provided. The methods include obtaining hydroxide in an aqueous mixture, and mixing the hydroxide with the gas stream to produce carbonate and/or bicarbonate. Some of the apparatuses of the present invention comprise an electrolysis chamber...

20060185986 - Method to improve the control of electro-polishing by use of a plating electrode in an electrolyte bath: A method and apparatus which uses a plating electrode in an electrolyte bath. The plating electrode works to purify an electrolyte polishing solution during the electro-polishing process. Preferably, the plating electrode is employed in a closed loop feedback system. The plating electrode may be powered by a power supply which...

20060185987 - Integrated electrochemical reactor and process therefor: An electrochemical reactor and process for electrolyzing a substance to change at least a portion of the substance from a first state to a second state. The reactor comprises a tubular body having a first end portion defining an opening and a second end portion defining an electrolysis chamber. The...

20060180471 - Paramagnetic additive method of optimizing cell electrohydrodynamics: Magnetoelectrolysis cells known to operate successfully without utilizing a non-electrogenerated paramagnetic additive added to an aqueous electrolyte solution of such a cell may in some instances be further enhanced by utilizing such an additive. However, excessive amounts of additive are impracticable and formerly proposed transition metal salts used as paramagnetic...

20060180472 - Metal structure and method of its production: The present invention provides a method for producing a metal structure comprising a substrate and a metal film formed on the substrate; comprising the steps of providing surface having irregularities made of a electrical conductor in the area of the substrate where the metal body or film is to be...

20060180473 - Water energy generator: A water energy generator that generates electricity using a magnetic vortex wormhole generator and a water injector/vacuum chamber to produce low density hyperspace energy that causes the hydrogen atoms of water molecules to decay into electron pairs....

20060180474 - Solid electrolytic capacitor and process for fabricating same: The invention provides a solid electrolytic capacitor wherein the anode has a dielectric oxide film of a structure less susceptible to damage due to mechanical stresses and which is diminished in leakage current and less prone to short-circuiting, and a process for fabricating the capacitor. The capacitor of the invention...

20060180475 - Intermediate connector: In an electrical connector adapted to be interposed between two connection objects to electrically connect the connection objects to each other, a flexible conductive film, mounted on a base member, includes a flexible insulating film having an outer surface and an inner surface. The flexible insulating film is folded near...

20060180476 - Apparatus and method for disposing of solid waste through electrochemical reactions: An apparatus for converting solid waste. The apparatus includes a container at least partially filled with a solution. A cathode and an anode are disposed in the container and at least partially submerged in the solution. The container further includes an oxygen supply and an opening in the container for...

20060180477 - Method for producing oxidised graphite: This invention relates to technology of carbographite materials, in particular, to production of oxidized graphite for making low foaming temperature foamed graphite, which is used for manufacturing flexible foil, fireproof materials, water-purification sorbents, materials for cleaning up spills of petroleum products, and so on. The method for producing oxidized low...

20060180478 - Method, system and software application for electrochemical analysis: The invention is a method, system and software application for electrochemical analysis of analytes in a solution. In one aspect of the invention, raw data is received from an electrochemical analysis and the raw data is analyzed. The analyzed data and the raw data are displayed. The electrochemical analysis is...

20060180479 - Method, system and device for obtaining electrochemical measurements: The invention is directed at apparatus for high-speed acquisition of electrochemical measurements from multiple biochemical or microbiological samples comprising an array of electrodes; a voltage signal generator for the array of electrodes; and means for collecting electrochemical measurements from the electrodes; wherein when the electrodes are brought in contact with...

20060180480 - E-field induced ion selective molecular deposition onto sensor arrays: A sensor array for sensing at least one of chemical moieties and biological moieties is provided. The sensor array comprises a plurality of working electrodes electrically associated with a reference electrode, each working electrode in combination with the reference electrode forming a transducer. Each working electrode is provided with a...

20060175201 - Immersion process for electroplating applications: A method for immersing a substrate into a plating solution. In one embodiment, the method includes applying a first waveform to the substrate as the substrate is being immersed into the plating solution, stopping the application of the first waveform to the substrate as soon as the substrate is fully...

20060175202 - Membrane-limited selective electroplating of a conductive surface: This invention relates to processes and apparati for selectively electroplating a metal layer or layers into recessed topographic features on a conductive surface. The processes and apparati of the invention are useful for fabricating metal circuit patterns, for example for creating copper interconnects between integrated circuit elements embedded in a...

20060175203 - Electroplating pcb components: Curved out of plane metal components are formed on PCB substrates (11) by electroplating two layers (13, 14) of the same metal such that each layer has a different internal stress. This produces as curvature of the layer (13, 14) which enables coils, curved cantilever beams and springs to be...

20060175204 - Mehtod for regenerating etching solutions containing iron for the use in etching or pickling copper or copper alloys and an apparatus for carrying out said method: A method for the regeneration of etching solutions containing iron for the use in etching or pickling copper or copper alloys and an apparatus for carrying out the method is described. The method involves feeding the etching solution to be regenerated from the etching system into an electrolysis cell being...

20060175206 - Biosensor, measuring instrument for biosensor, and method of quantifying substrate: A method of measuring a quantity of a substrate contained in sample liquid is provided. This method can reduce measurement errors caused by a biosensor. The biosensor includes at least a pair of electrodes on an insulating board and is inserted into a measuring device which includes a supporting section...

20060175207 - Biosensor, measuring instrument for biosensor, and method of quantifying substrate: A method of measuring a quantity of a substrate contained in sample liquid is provided. This method can reduce measurement errors caused by a biosensor. The biosensor includes at least a pair of electrodes on an insulating board and is inserted into a measuring device which includes a supporting section...

20060175205 - Electrochemical biosensor: Disclosed herein is a method for measuring blood glucose levels, using an electrochemical biosensor provided with a converse-type thin-layer electrochemical cell. The electrochemical cell comprising: a working electrode formed on a flat insulating substrate; an auxiliary electrode formed on a separate flat insulating substrate so as to face the working...

20060175208 - Water-conductivity co2 sensor: A sensor for measuring CO2 in an ambient atmosphere, typically air in a room. The sensor body is inert to water and CO2, and has a chamber proximate the atmosphere of interest. Pure water is placed in the chamber and separated from the atmosphere by a CO2 permeable membrane to...

20060169590 - Process for separating metals: An electrorefining apparatus is capable of operating in continuous mode, and includes a criticality control mechanism, preferably a geometric criticality control mechanism, for example, to control the dimensions of the apparatus. Electrochemical cells include a large surface area per unit volume, preferably in the form of thin, flat plates. Cells...

20060169591 - Method of making printed wiring board and method of forming plating film: A current is supplied to first and second electrically-conductive resistances located away from each other on a straight line defined on an electrically-insulating substrate in a method of making a printed wiring board. A contour of the substrate is formed along the straight line based on the detected resistance values....

20060169592 - Periodic layered structures and methods therefor: A periodic layered structure having physical and chemical properties varying periodically at least along a direction perpendicular to its layers is made by providing a substrate, depositing a quantity of non-porous electrochemically oxidizable material over the substrate, at least partially anodizing the non-porous electrochemically oxidizable material, and repeating similar steps...

20060169593 - Hydrogen-assisted electrolysis processes: A process and electrolytic cell for reducing in an ionic alkali metal compound, the cell containing anode and cathode electrodes, by supplying an electrolyte containing the alkali metal compound to the cell, applying an electric voltage to the cell to reduce said alkali metal compound at the cathode, and passing...

20060169594 - Electrolytic method to make alkali alcoholates using ceramic ion conducting solid membranes: Disclosed are processes of making solutions of metal alcoholates in their corresponding alcohols using an electrolytic process. In one embodiment, sodium methylate in methanol is made from methanol and sodium hydroxide solution. The sodium hydroxide solution is placed in the anolyte compartment and the methanol is placed in the catholyte...

20060169595 - Electroionic generation of hydrogen or oxygen from an aqueous solution: The present invention relates to a method of generating hydrogen or oxygen from an aqueous solution within a flow cell by applying a high frequency AC signal to the flow cell. The present invention further relates to an apparatus for generating hydrogen or oxygen from an aqueous solution, and a...

20060169596 - Discharge surface treating electrode, production method and evaluation method for discharge surface treatment electrode, discharge surface treating device and discharge surface treating method: An electrode is used to perform discharge surface treatment of a work piece. The electrode is made of a green compact obtained by compression-molding an electrode material including powder of any of a metal, a metallic compound, and ceramics. The discharge surface treatment includes generating an electric discharge between the...

20060169597 - Method and composition for polishing a substrate: Polishing compositions and methods for removing conductive materials from a substrate surface are provided. In one aspect, a composition includes an acid based electrolyte system, a corrosion inhibitor having an azole group, an organic acid salt, a pH adjusting agent to provide a pH between about 2 and about 10,...

20060169598 - Method of controlling ph of electrolyzed solution using microfluidic device including electrolysis device: Provided is a method of controlling the pH of a solution using electrolysis in a microfluidic device comprising an electrolysis device including an anode chamber, a cathode chamber, and a partition membrane between the anode chamber and the cathode chamber, wherein the anode chamber includes an inlet and an outlet...

20060169599 - Small volume in vitro analyte sensor: A sensor utilizing a non-leachable or diffusible redox mediator is described. The sensor includes a sample chamber to hold a sample in electrolytic contact with a working electrode, and in at least some instances, the sensor also contains a non-leachable or a diffusible second electron transfer agent. The sensor and/or...