Electric lamp and discharge devices: systems inventions 05/06

20060108931 - Electromagnetic accelerator having nozzle part: An electromagnetic accelerator having a nozzle part. The electromagnetic accelerator includes an initial discharge part for generating a plasma, an acceleration part and a nozzle part for accelerating the plasma. A composite wave, which is synthesized from a plasma generation frequency and a plasma acceleration frequency, is applied as a...

20060108932 - Vehicular automatic light control apparatus: A headlight is turned on if an external illuminance value outside of the vehicle is equal to or lower than a first threshold value if the non-rainfall state is judged from windshield wiper activation, and is permitted to be turned on if the external illuminance value is equal to or...

20060108933 - Light emitted diode driving apparatus: A driving apparatus includes a DC-to-DC converter, a first LED series, a second LED series, a first constant-current circuit, a second constant-current circuit, and a feedback circuit. The DC-to-DC converter respectively outputs a direct-current voltage to one terminal of the first and the second LED series to generate a first...

20060108934 - Generating device for generating electricity by shaking: A generating device includes a tube, a coil mounted around the tube, and a permanent magnet movably mounted in the tube to pass through the coil. Thus, the permanent magnet is movable in the tube reciprocally by a shaking action to pass through the coil to cause variation of a...

20060108935 - Led system for producing light: The invention relates to a system comprising a plurality of light emitting diodes, LEDs. The LEDs may be controlled in various in various manners in order to obtain any of one or more objects of the system. Thus, LEDs may be controlled for by controlling at least two of the...

20060108936 - Light emitting device and drive method thereof: The reliability of an EL element is enhanced while the increase of the electric power consumption is suppressed. It becomes possible that in a SES drive, the reverse bias is applied to the EL element driven at a constant electric current. Moreover, the application of the reverse bias is performed...

20060108937 - Light emitting display and method of driving the same: A light emitting display, and a method of driving the same, including a plurality of pixels arranged in regions partitioned by a plurality of scan lines, a plurality of data lines, a plurality of compensating power source lines, which are supplied with compensating power sources, and a plurality of first...

20060108938 - Thin film transistor manufacturing method and organic electroluminescent display device: The invention reduces display unevenness of a horizontal streak and a vertical streak of an organic EL display device to improve display quality. A silicon oxide film is deposited on a glass substrate by a plasma CVD method, and an amorphous silicon film is further deposited on the silicon oxide...

20060108939 - Plasma display panel, plasma display device including the same and driving method therefor: A plasma display panel plasma display panel includes first and second substrates facing each other, address electrodes extended in a first direction, barrier ribs disposed between the first and the second substrates to define discharge cells and display electrodes extended in a second direction crossing the first direction. The display...

20060108940 - High-intensity discharge lamp ballast and method for operating high-intensity discharge lamp: A high-intensity discharge lamp ballast includes a lamp operation unit configured to supply power from a power source to a high-intensity discharge lamp, a lamp voltage detector configured to detect a voltage applied to the high-intensity discharge lamp, a lamp status determination unit configured to determine whether the high-intensity discharge...

20060108941 - Voltage/current driven active matrix organic electroluminescent pixel circuit and display device: Provided is a voltage/current driven active matrix organic electroluminescent (EL) pixel circuit. In particular, a voltage/current driven active matrix organic EL pixel circuit capable of driving organic ELs by a voltage programming method and a current programming method using one pixel circuit and an organic EL display device that uses...

20060108942 - High-pressure discharge lamp having a pulse starting device, and operating method for a high pressure discharge lamp: The invention relates to a high-pressure discharge lamp having electrodes arranged inside a discharge vessel which define a discharge path of a gas discharge in the discharge vessel, and having a starting device, arranged inside the lamp base for the high-pressure discharge lamp and designed as a pulse starting device,...

20060108943 - Light source module with a light-emitting diode: A light source module includes a circuit board and a light source circuit. The light source circuit is mounted on the circuit board, and includes a light-emitting diode, and a pair of second electrical contacts, each of which is coupled to the light-emitting diode. The light source module is to...

20060108944 - Inverter circuit capable of adjusting power factor: An inverter circuit capable of adjusting power factor transforms an AC signal of an electric power source to a pulse DC signal through a rectification unit and divides the duty cycle of minimum input voltage-maximum input voltage-minimum input voltage of the pulse DC signal to a plurality of continuous voltage...

20060108945 - Electrodeless fluorescent lamp with stabilized operation at high and low ambient temperatures: An electrodeless lamp includes a bulbous lamp envelope enclosing an inert gas and a vaporizable metal fill, the lamp envelope having a reentrant cavity and an envelope bottom, an electromagnetic coupler positioned within the reentrant cavity, and a thermal shield positioned in proximity to the envelope bottom and configured to...

20060108946 - Backlight modules and lamp modules in flat panel displays: A lamp module for use in a backlight module of a flat panel display comprises a first transformer, a second transformer, a plurality of first lamps and a plurality of second lamps. The first transformer provides an AC power of a first phase, and the second transformer provides an AC...

20060108947 - Discharge lamp drive apparatus and liquid crystal display apparatus: The present invention is directed to a discharge lamp drive apparatus capable of avoiding an electric shock accident. Discharge lamps are respectively aligned and arranged, and a first alternating voltage output from an inverter circuit is supplied to one electrode of each discharge lamp, whilst a second alternating voltage output...

20060108948 - Circuit and method for sensing open-circuit lamp of a backlight unit and display device with circuit for sensing open-circuit lamp of backlight unit: A circuit for sensing an open-circuit lamp is provided. The circuit includes a reference voltage output unit, a voltage sensor, and a comparator. The reference voltage output unit provides a reference voltage. The voltage sensor detects a sensed voltage corresponding to a status of a lamp. The status of the...

20060108949 - Device for operation of a discharge lamp of the short arc type: A device for operating a discharge lamp of the short arc type having a feed device which supplies a direct current to the discharge lamp when operation starts and an alternating current afterwards, in which the feed device supplies a direct current which is smaller than the rated current to...

20060108950 - Dimming control system with distributed command processing: A dimming control system includes dimmer modules that receive dimming level information from one of at least two control modules. Each dimmer module includes a microprocessor that provides internal intelligence for controlling power to a load in response to dimming level information. Control modules receive industry standard protocol dimming information...

20060108951 - Circuit arrangement for operating a high pressure discharge lamp: A circuit arrangement for operating a high pressure discharge lamp comprises a down converter equipped with an output capacitor and a commutator equipped with an ignition choke. The amplitude of the DC current generated by the down converter is controlled by means of a control circuit. To suppress resonance of...

20060108952 - Combined exponential/linear rgb led i-sink digital-to-analog converter: Methods and systems to achieve linear and exponential control over a current to drive color LEDs have been achieved. Current digital-to-analog converters (IDAC) comprising each an exponential current digital-to analog converter and a linear IDAC, being cascaded to each other are used for a linear and an exponential control of...

20060108953 - Lighting arrangement having a fluorescent lamp, particularly a cold cathode lamp: A lighting arrangement having at least one fluorescent lamp comprising a tube that has at least one light emitting region, a high-voltage terminal at a first end of the tube and a low-voltage terminal at a second end of the tube, an electrically conductive surface being arranged adjacent to the...

20060103317 - Parallel lamps with instant program start electronic ballast: In a current fed electronic ballast multiple lamps are operated in a parallel circuit arrangement. The ballast provides pre-heating to the cathodes of the lamps for a period of time before an open circuit voltage is ramped up to the preferred starting voltage of the lamps. An open circuit voltage...

20060103318 - Chemical reactor and method for chemically converting a first material into a second material: A chemical reactor and method for converting a first material into a second material is disclosed and wherein the chemical reactor is provided with a feed stream of a first material which is to be converted into a second material; and wherein the first material is combusted in the chemical...

20060103319 - Ion source with substantially planar design: In certain example embodiments of this invention, there is provide an ion source including an anode and a cathode. In certain example embodiments, the cathode does not overhang over the anode, or vice versa. Since no, or fewer, areas of overhang are provided between the anode and cathode, there is...

20060103320 - Holiday light string devices: Bi-polar same-color LED devices are described comprising at least a pair of substantially same-color light emitting diodes connected in inverse parallel. The devices are advantageously used in AC powered light strings, e.g., connected in series blocks. Parallel block interconnections of the devices in an AC powered light string are also...

20060103322 - Apparatus and method for driving organic light-emitting diode: A driving apparatus for an organic light-emitting diode includes an organic light-emitting diode, a driving switch that drives the organic light-emitting diode in response to a control voltage applied to a gate terminal of the driving switch, a high-level voltage source that supplies a high-level voltage to the driving switch,...

20060103324 - Display device and driving method thereof: A display device has a plurality of pixels, where each pixel includes a light emitting element, a capacitor, a driving transistor having a control terminal, an input terminal, and an output terminal and supplying a driving current to the light emitting element to emit light, a first switching unit diode-connecting...

20060103321 - Electroluminescent device with a transparent cathode: The invention relates to an electroluminescent device with a transparent cathode. Said electroluminescent device comprises a substrate (1) and, adjacent to said substrate (1), a laminated body composed of a first electrode (2), an electroluminescent layer (3) and a second metallic electrode (4). Said second electrode (4) is covered with...

20060103323 - Scan driver, light emitting display using the same, and driving method thereof: A light emitting display including: a plurality of scan lines adapted to transmit scan signals; a plurality of data lines adapted to transmit a data signal; a plurality of emission control lines adapted to transmit an emission control signal; and a plurality of pixels adapted to emit light in response...

20060103325 - Plasma display device and driving method with reduced displacement current: A plasma display device and a driving method thereof. A scan electrode driver (or a sustain electrode driver) uses a power source for supplying the voltage Vs-Va to increase the initial voltage to the voltage Vs-Va and uses an address voltage output by an address electrode driver to increase the...

20060103326 - Variable frequency half bridge driver: A lighting control system provides variable arc current to one or more fluorescent gas discharge lamps and provides a heating voltage to the lamp electrodes. The system includes a start-up circuit which includes circuitry for providing a starting voltage to an output power conditioning circuit. The latter drives a switching...

20060103327 - Electronic ballast: The invention relates to a ballast for low-pressure discharge lamps, comprising a controllable inverter circuit for the generation of a high-frequency supply voltage for a discharge lamp (1), a lamp inductance (L1) connected to the inverter circuit, a lamp parallel capacitor (C1) which is serially connected to the lamp inductance...

20060103328 - Striation control for current fed electronic ballast: In a lamp lighting ballast which generates a lamp lighting signal for a lamp, provided is a striation elimination circuit to increase the lumen output frequency for elimination of visual striations which may occur within the lamp. An even harmonic signal generator is configured to generate an even harmonic waveform,...

20060103329 - Discharge lamp drive apparatus and liquid crystal display apparatus: A first current detection circuit 31 detects a current flowing through a first discharge lamp connection terminal group P1 or a current flowing through a second discharge lamp connection terminal group P3, and generates a first current detection signal S1. A second current detection circuit 32 detects a current flowing...

20060103330 - Dimming control method and lighting system with dimming control: A dimming control method and a lighting system having dimming control, in which the lighting system (200) includes an input unit (210), a light-emission unit (260) and a current control circuit (220). The dimming control method is characterized by outputting a continuous current with a varying amplitude to the light-emission...

20060103331 - Lighting control device having improved long fade off: A lighting control device for controlling the light intensity level of at least one lamp is disclosed. The lighting control device includes an actuator and a controller, such as a microcontroller, for example. The controller is operable to cause the light intensity level of the lamp to fade at a...

20060103332 - Dc-dc converter: A DC-DC converter has switching means which generates a continuous switching voltage having a specified period from an input voltage and outputs the generated switching voltage, output voltage generating means which receives the switching voltage at an inductor and generates an output voltage obtained by rectifying and smoothing a voltage...

20060103333 - Stage lighting console: Embodiments of a stage lighting console are disclosed which may be used to control the light level of a plurality of stage lighting interments. The stage lighting console includes a plurality of sliders, each of which may control a separate lighting instrument and several settings of multiple sliders may be...

20060097643 - Discharge lamp apparatus: In a discharge lamp apparatus for lighting a discharge lamp, a ballast is disposed outside of a lamp housing of a discharge lamp and is electrically connected to the discharge lamp through a connector. A ballast housing of the ballast is connected to a bottom wall of the lamp housing....

20060097644 - Relative pressure control system and relative flow control system: Provided is a relative pressure control system has a simple configuration, but enables accurate regulation of a division ratio of an operation gas, and concurrently makes it possible to securely drain the operation gas from an operation gas pipeline in case of emergency. The system includes a plurality of air...

20060097645 - Dual mode ion source for ion implantation: An ion source is disclosed for providing a range of ion beams consisting of either ionized clusters, such as B2Hx+, B5Hx+, B10Hx+, B18Hx+, P4+ or As4+, or monomer ions, such as Ge+, In+, Sb+, B+, As+, and P+, to enable cluster implants and monomers implants into silicon substrates for...

20060097646 - Circuit breaker for warming lamps: A circuit breaker for warming lamps mounted in a livestock barn is disclosed. The circuit breaker includes a housing divided into symmetrical housing parts, through which a power supply cable and a power output cable pass, and which are combined into a single body through ultrasonic fusion welding. A power...

20060097649 - Plasma display apparatus: A plasma display apparatus comprises a plurality of upper electrodes formed on an upper substrate, a plurality of lower electrodes formed on a lower substrate facing the upper substrate and crossing the upper electrodes, and barrier ribs separating a plurality of discharge cells formed between the upper and lower substrates....

20060097648 - Plasma display apparatus and driving method thereof: The present invention relates to a plasma display apparatus and driving method thereof. The plasma display apparatus according to the present invention comprises a Plasma Display Panel (PDP), an energy storage part for recovering energy from the PDP, and an energy supply and recovery controller that forms a current path...

20060097650 - Plasma display apparatus comprising filter: The present invention relates to a plasma display apparatus, and more particularly, to a plasma display apparatus comprising a filter. The plasma display apparatus according to the present invention comprises a plasma display panel, and a filter comprising an EMI coating film, which has a transparent conduction layer, and a...

20060097647 - Plasma display panel: The present invention relates to a plasma display panel. The plasma display panel according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises a front substrate and a rear substrate which are combined together with a predetermined distance therebetween, and one or more first phosphor layers that partition one or more...

20060097652 - Circuit and method for providing power to a load, especially a high-intensity discharge lamp: Circuit for providing power to a load with a pre-determined specification, comprising:—a transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding, said secondary winding being part of a resonant circuit;—first and second load connection nodes for coupling of the load in series to the secondary winding;—a switch coupled in series...

20060097654 - Driving circuit for light emitting diode: A driving circuit for a light emitting diode may include two transistors and an operational amplifier. The operational amplifier may act to cause the output voltages of the drain terminals of the transistors to be substantially equal, making the light emitting diode forward current substantially equal to the reference current....

20060097653 - Electric connection assembly of flat panel gas discharge lamp: The present invention discloses an electric connection assembly of a flat panel gas discharge lamp, comprising two electric conductors covered on any two corresponding end surfaces of a gas discharge lamp for allowing a power supply to supply electric power to the gas discharge lamp through the conductors and light...

20060097651 - Supply apparatus for high pressure lamps: The invention relates to an apparatus for supplying electrical energy at high frequencies to HID-lamps, comprising at least a first high frequency voltage source adapted to generate a substantial sinusoidal voltage with a fist frequency and a first amplitude, at least a first piezoelectric transformer of which the resonance frequency...

20060097655 - Discharge lamp lighting device and lighting unit: A resonance load circuit is supplied with the high-frequency voltage from the inverter circuit, and includes an inductor, a capacitor and a discharge lamp. The resonance load circuit is so that a declination with respect to the lighting frequency fs is set to a range from −20° to 40° in...

20060097656 - Lamp current control device: A lamp current control device includes an electronic power switch, a transformer, a current transformer and a pulse width modulation (PWM) IC. The transformer has its primary side connected to the electronic power switch and a secondary side connected to a lamp. The current transformer is serially connected with the...

20060097657 - excimer lamp apparatus: The invention provides an excimer lamp apparatus that has advanced start-up properties, in terms of start-up time and start-up stability, in the presence of voltage variations, without any trigger electrode, by arranging a pair of electrodes along the entire length of a discharge container. An ultra-violet emitter is arranged to...

20060097658 - Apparatus for adjusting brightness of indicator light on panel: An apparatus for adjusting brightness of indicator light on a panel is provided. By employing pulse width modulated signals, one can control the amount of current flowing into the indicator light, thereby adjusting the brightness of the indicator light. The apparatus includes a control unit, which generates pulse width modulated...

20060097660 - Apparatus, system, and method for controlling remote lighting devices: An apparatus, system, and method for controlling remote lighting devices via radio frequency. The lighting device includes a housing, a power source, a light source, a signal receiver and a signal processor. The light source emits light in response to an appropriate signal received. The apparatus is configured to be...

20060097661 - High intensity discharge lamp ballast with anti-theft operating mode: A high intensity discharge (HID) assembly comprises ballast circuits which includes a micro-controller, and an HID headlamp. In order to deter theft of the HID assembly from a vehicle, the micro-controller communicates with a vehicle computer, checks the VIN of the vehicle, and if the micro-controller does not recognize the...

20060097659 - Light emitting device for vehicles: A light emitting device includes an input node set, a light emitting unit including at least one light emitting element connected across first and second nodes of the input node set, an impedance matching element having a first end connected to the first node, a switch unit connected between a...

20060097662 - Low power asic circuit: A method of managing power consumed by a circuit that can output a signal. The method includes determining a time duration after which the signal is valid, and determining an update rate of the signal. The method also includes supplying power to the circuit based on the time duration and...

20060097665 - Discharge lamp lighting apparatus: A discharge lamp lighting apparatus has a problem that a microcomputer within the apparatus falls down into malfunction due to noises generated in an inside thereof. With such the structure of the discharge lamp lighting apparatus that an operation of a calculation processing circuit, which is built up with the...

20060097663 - High intensity discharge lamp with boost circuit: A circuit for operating a high intensity discharge (HID) lamp includes an H-bridge connected between a common terminal and a power line, and a control circuit connected to the H-bridge. A boost circuit is connected in parallel with the H-bridge between the power line and the common terminal, where the...

20060097664 - Multiple failure detection shutdown protection circuit for an electronic ballast: A shut-down circuit configured for use with an electronic ballast coupled to a lamp in a control path includes a device for sensing the electrical energy associated with the control path, and a sensing circuit for shutting down the ballast in the event that the energy does not conform to...

20060097666 - Symmetric cancelling anti-striation circuit: A striation correction circuit 300 is arranged to apply a first striation correction current to the first fluorescent lamp L1 and a second striation correction current to the second fluorescent lamp L2. A first voltage appearing across the first fluorescent tube L1 due to the first striation correction current is...

20060097667 - Wireless power supply and method of supplying power: A wireless power supply and method of wirelessly supplying power use light to directly supply power wirelessly to an electrical apparatus without a power cable. The wireless power supply includes: a plurality of pressure switches adapted to switch ON/OFF in response to an applied pressure; and a plurality of light...

20060097668 - Deflection coil for cathode ray tube: The invention relates to a multiwinding coil intended to serve as a deflection coil for a cathode ray tube. It is provided that on and/or between the winding wires an element made of polymeric material or a mixture of polymers situated within a delimited area of the coil. This enables...

20060097669 - Electron tube: An electron tube is provided with a plurality of supports, a portion of the support covered with conductive material abuts the inner wall of the shell, and another portion of the support covered with dielectric abuts the helix. The helix which is used as a high-frequency circuit for bringing about...

20060091813 - Control system to automatically control vehicle headlamps: An automatic vehicle headlamp dimming system which includes an optical system and an imaging processing system. The optical system is configured to discriminate between headlamps and tail lamps, and focus the light rays from the headlamps and tail lamps on different portions of a pixel sensor array. The optical system...

20060091814 - Light-emitting display device: Based on an output signal from a light-emission characteristic correction portion, a data voltage supply portion supplies data voltage to pixels and a light-emission quantity detector detects light-emission quantities of each pixel. The light-emission characteristic correction portion includes a display signal processor for subjecting display signal data to a correction...

20060091815 - Flat panel display: The present invention discloses an organic light emitting diode capable of obtaining proper luminance and long life cycle by controlling an amount of current flowing through an organic electroluminescent device per unit pixel, comprises a luminescent device; and first and second transistors for driving the luminescent device, wherein the first...

20060091816 - Flat panel display: The present invention discloses an organic light emitting diode capable of obtaining proper luminance and long life cycle by controlling an amount of current flowing through an organic electroluminescent device per unit pixel, comprises a luminescent device; and first and second transistors for driving the luminescent device, wherein the first...

20060091817 - Vehicular flasher unit having selectable flasher schemes illuminated with pulse width modulated signals: In one illustrative example, a vehicular flasher unit has control circuitry; memory which is accessible by the control circuitry and having a plurality of pulse width modulation (PWM) flasher scheme data sets stored therein which correspond to a plurality of flasher schemes for vehicle flasher lights of a vehicle; a...

20060091819 - Discharge lamp drive device and liquid crystal display device: The present invention is directed to a discharge lamp drive device and a liquid crystal display device, capable of keeping a tube current balance among discharge lamps to thereby prolong life durations of the discharge lamps. A drive circuit 311 outputs an AC voltage. Ballast circuits 312, 322 include “n”...

20060091821 - Discharge-lamp control device: A discharge-lamp control device for lighting a discharge-lamp includes two electrodes, first and second driving units to supply power to the discharge-lamp through the electrodes, respectively. Each driving unit includes a transformer having primary and secondary coils and a capacitor connected in parallel to the secondary coil. The first driving...

20060091820 - Display device and driving device of light source therefor: A driving device is provided, which includes: a switching unit directly connected to a first voltage from a source external to the driving device; a transforming unit indirectly connected to the switching unit for transforming the first voltage into a second voltage and applying the second voltage to a light...

20060091818 - Electronic ballast with load shed circuit: An electronic ballast (10) for powering at least one gas discharge lamp (30) includes a current-fed resonant inverter (300) and a load shed circuit (600). Inverter (300) ordinarily powers the lamp at a first level. When a load shed command is sent by the electric utility and received by an...

20060091822 - Self-commissioning daylight switching system: A method of commissioning a switch to control an electric luminaire in an indoor space responsive to signals from a photosensor. A first plurality of sensor signal values is calculated when the photosensor is disposed at a first location within the space. A second plurality of sensor signal values is...

20060091823 - Light control system with variable arc control including start-up circuit for providing a bias voltage supply: A lighting control system provides variable arc current to one or more fluorescent gas discharge lamps and provides a heating voltage to the lamp electrodes. The system includes a start-up circuit which includes circuitry for providing a starting voltage to an output power conditioning circuit. The latter drives a switching...

20060091826 - Led controller and control method thereof: A LED controller and a control method thereof are disclosed. The LED controller can generate a control signal to drive a LED, measure a luminous intensity value of the LED, and selectively adjust the control signal according to the measured value to dynamically adjust the luminous intensity. Besides, a simple...

20060091827 - Lighting device: An LED lighting device is provided which is capable of being connected to a network and being controlled by a host computer also connected to the network. The lighting device has several lifespan expanding features such as including several extra LEDs such that as the LEDs of the lighting device...

20060091824 - Programmable waveform for lamp ballast: A programmable waveform ballast has a power supply and a waveform generator. The power supply provides, from a power source, a variable power to a discharge lamp. The waveform generator is coupled to the power supply and is programmable to produce a plurality of waveforms. The waveform generator controls the...

20060091825 - Reconfigurable linescan illumination: A reconfigurable illumination system for illuminating an object, and associated method. The illumination system comprises a cylindrical diffuser having a longitudinal aperture, a linescan camera positioned for having a direct line of sight to the object through the aperture of the diffuser, a base, and an illuminator supported on the...

20060091828 - Prioritized interrupt for waveform measurement: An interrupt request is asserted in anticipation of a period of latency preceding preparedness of a power meter data processing device to sample a voltage or current enabling the use an interrupt to control the data processing device's performance of real-time sampling in combination with other tasks related to the...

20060091829 - Driving circuit for cold-cathode tube: A cold-cathode tube driving circuit for driving a plurality of substantially-C-shaped cold-cathode tubes, includes: a first transformer 2 having primary windings which induce voltages, and secondary windings which apply voltages of opposite polarities (−V, +V) to respective ends of the respective substantially-C-shaped cold-cathode tubes; and a second transformer 3 having...

20060091830 - Folded waveguide traveling wave tube having polepiece-cavity coupled-cavity circuit: An amplifying device comprises an electron gun emitting an electron beam, a collector spaced from the electron gun, the collector oriented to collect electrons of the electron beam emitted from the electron gun, and an interaction structure interposed between the electron gun and the collector. The interaction structure defines an...

20060091831 - L-band inductive output tube: An inductive output tube (IOT) operates in a frequency range above 1000 MHz. An output window may be provided to separate a vacuum portion of the IOT from an atmospheric pressure portion of the IOT, the output window being surrounded by a cooling air manifold, the manifold including an air...