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Creatine ester pronutrient compounds and formulationsRelated Patent Categories: Drug, Bio-affecting And Body Treating Compositions, Designated Organic Active Ingredient Containing (doai), Carbohydrate (i.e., Saccharide Radical Containing) DoaiCreatine ester pronutrient compounds and formulations description/claimsThe Patent Description & Claims data below is from USPTO Patent Application 20070203076, Creatine ester pronutrient compounds and formulations. Brief Patent Description - Full Patent Description - Patent Application Claims
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 120 to Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) Application PCT/US01/28788 filed in the United States of America on Sep. 14, 2001. The Patent Cooperation Treaty Application PCT/US01/28788 claimed priority under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/232,969 filed Sep. 14, 2000. The Patent Cooperation Treaty Application PCT/US01/28788 and the U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/232,969 are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention generally relates to the field of creatine, and particularly to creatine ester pronutrient compounds and formulations. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Creatine is an endogenous nutrient produced naturally by the liver in most vertebrates. The uses of creatine are many, including use as a supplement to increase muscle mass and enhance muscle performance as well as in emerging applications in the treatment of neuromuscular disorders. [0004] Typically, creatine is taken up into muscle cells by specific receptors and converted to phosphocreatine by creatine kinase. Muscle cells, including skeletal muscle and the heart muscle, function by utilizing cellular energy released from the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The amount of phosphocreatine in the muscle cell determines the amount of time it will take for the muscle to recover from activity and regenerate adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Phosphocreatine is a rapidly accessible source of phosphate required for regeneration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and sustained use of the muscle. [0005] For example, energy used to expand and contract muscles is supplied from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is metabolized in the muscle by cleaving a phosphate radical to release energy needed to contract the muscle. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is formed as a byproduct of this metabolism. The most common sources of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are from glycogen and creatine phosphate. Creatine phosphate is favored as a ready source of phosphate because it is able to resynthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at a greater rate than is typically achieved utilizing glycogen. Therefore, increasing the amount of creatine in the muscle increases the muscle stores of phosphocreatine and has been proven to increase muscle performance and increase muscle mass. [0006] However, creatine itself is poorly soluble in an aqueous solution. Further, creatine is not well absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which has been estimated to have a 1 to 14 percent absorption rate. Thus, current products require large amounts of creatine to be administered to be effective, typically 5 grams or more. Additionally, side effects such as bloating, gastrointestinal (GI) distress, diarrhea, and the like are encountered with these high dosages. [0007] Therefore, it would be desirable to provide an improved approach for enhancing absorption of creatine. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0008] Accordingly, the present invention is directed to creatine ester pronutrients and formulations. In a first aspect of the present invention, a method for providing creatine to an animal includes receiving a creatine ester by the animal. The creatine ester is suitable for being modified by the animal to form creatine. [0009] In a second aspect of the present invention, a food supplement includes a creatine ester suitable for being modified by an animal to form creatine. In a third aspect of the present invention, a method for providing creatine to an animal includes receiving an ester derivative of creatine by the animal. The ester derivative of creatine is suitable for acting as a pronutrient in an animal. [0010] In a fourth aspect of the present invention, a composition of matter includes: [0011] wherein R represents an ester. [0012] In a fifth aspect of the present invention, a method of producing a creatine pronutrient includes reacting a hydrated form of creatine with an alcohol in an acidic environment wherein a product is formed including a creatine ester pronutrient. [0013] It is to be understood that both the forgoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention as claimed. The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate an embodiment of the invention and together with the general description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0014] The numerous advantages of the present invention may be better understood by those skilled in the art by reference to the accompanying figures in which: [0015] FIG. 1A is an illustration depicting conversion of creatine to creatinine; [0016] FIG. 1B is a depiction of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention wherein the processing of creatine monohydrate versus a creatine ester by the body is shown; [0017] FIG. 1C is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary embodiment of the present invention wherein a pronutrient derivative of creatine is created through the modification of an acid moiety by ester bond attachment; [0018] FIG. 1D is an illustration of an embodiment of the present invention in which a graph depicting solubility and partition coefficients of creatine ethyl ester versus creatine monohydrate are shown; [0019] FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F, 2G, 2H, 2I, 2J, 2K, 2L, 2M and 2N are illustrations of exemplary compounds of the present invention; Continue reading about Creatine ester pronutrient compounds and formulations... 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