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Compositions of plant carbohydrates as dietary supplementsRelated Patent Categories: Drug, Bio-affecting And Body Treating Compositions, Designated Organic Active Ingredient Containing (doai), O-glycoside, PolysaccharideCompositions of plant carbohydrates as dietary supplements description/claimsThe Patent Description & Claims data below is from USPTO Patent Application 20070149478, Compositions of plant carbohydrates as dietary supplements. Brief Patent Description - Full Patent Description - Patent Application Claims
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/885,545 filed Jul. 6, 2004, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/242,215 filed Feb. 8, 1999, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, which is a U.S. national phase filing of International Application No. PCT/US97/13379 filed Aug. 4, 1997, which claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/022,467 filed Aug. 9, 1996, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/030,317 filed Nov. 1, 1996, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/057,017 filed Jul. 24, 1997, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. [0002] This application is related to prior filed application Ser. No. 10/294,121 filed Nov. 14, 2002, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, which is a divisional application of the above-identified application Ser. No. 09/242,215. This application is also related to prior filed applications Ser. Nos. 10/797,344 and 10/797,760, both filed Mar. 10, 2004, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference, which are continuation applications of the above-identified application Ser. No. 09/242,215. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0003] This invention pertains to the field of dietary supplements and nutritional support for promotion and maintenance of good health. More specifically, the invention relates to compositions of carbohydrates a dietary supplements that are essential for the production of correctly structured and, therefore, properly functioning glycoproteins. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART AND OTHER INFORMATION [0004] The term mucus was first used in the 1700s. By 1805, Bostok realized that mucus was composed of protein that differed from albumin and gelatin. In 1865, Eichwald showed that mucins contained carbohydrate moieties. In 1877, Hoppe-Seyler discovered that mucins were high in sialic acid content. In 1882, Landwehr showed that plant gums, a type of mucin, contain more than one monosaccharide. With the advent of more modern methods, these monosaccharides were isolated and characterized. In 1888, Harmarsten showed that the saccharides in mucins were joined by a covalent bond; Harmarsten was the first to use the term "glykoproteide" (or glycoprotein in English). Fischer and Leuchs discovered high concentrations of mannose in mucus in 1902. Hayworth, in 1939, discovered N-acetylglucosamine and Bierry discovered galactose in 1930. Meyer discovered fucose in 1958 (Gottschalk, Glycoproteins, 1972). [0005] Proteins were originally thought to be the primary "communication" molecules of the body. The biotechnology revolution began as an attempt to create new drugs based upon proteins which are made up of various combinations of amino acids. However, since amino acids can only bind to each other through an amide bond, the number of secondary configurations possible with proteins is limited. Indeed, only one secondary configuration is possible per dipeptide. [0006] However, many more functions are preformed by the body than can be accounted for by the number of molecular configurations possible with proteins. Several years ago a theoretical mathematician calculated the number of configurations possible with proteins and discovered that another mechanism, yet unknown, had to be responsible for performing most of the communication functions of the body. It is now known that this mechanism involves carbohydrates. [0007] In contrast to the simpler proteins, more molecular configurations are possible with the more complex carbohydrate molecule, e.g., a hexose has six chiral centers each of which has two isomeric forms and each of which has a hydroxyl group as a binding site for other molecules. Thus, while only 24 oligopeptide configurations are possible with four amino acids, more than 100,000 different oligosaccharide configurations are possible with four sugars (Stryer et al., Biochemistry 1995; p 477). [0008] Science has recently shown that glycoproteins play a key role in all cellular communication. Many of the cytokines, i.e. cellular messenger agents, do not function properly without an attached glycosyl moiety. The body hydrolyzes complex polysaccharides such as plant carbohydrates into various monosugars and restructures them into oligosaccharides that are then used by the body to build the glycoproteins required by cytokines for cellular communication and, thus, for good health. [0009] With the advent of improved analytical techniques and more powerful computers, characterization of glycoproteins increased rapidly after the 1960s. By the mid 1980s, the mechanism of the orderly synthesis of glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus had been determined. The actual oligosaccharide conformations of many glycoproteins is now known. [0010] Increasing interest in glycobiology has been precipitated by recent findings that cell surface carbohydrates are critically involved in cell adhesion and, thus, in cell-cell interaction. Specifically, three new mechanistic concepts have been discovered. First, structural studies in glycoproteins and glycolipids have revealed the existence of carbohydrates which are unique to certain cell types. This concept is crucial to understanding cell surface carbohydrates as cell-type specific recognition molecules. [0011] A second concept was developed from new information regarding lectins, which have sugar-binding proteins. In the 1970s it was learned that glycoproteins were removed rapidly from the blood when their sialic acid, i.e. N-acetylneuraminic acid, containing branches were removed. Further studies revealed that this rapid clearance was caused by asialoglycoproteins binding to lectins that recognize terminal galactose. Once animal cells were known to have lectins, a large number of lectins were characterized, and a dedicated section in the amino acid sequence that is responsible for the carbohydrate recognition domain in the lectins was discovered. This discovery was critical to understanding carbohydrate-binding capability in cell-cell interactions. Thus, cellular communication was recognized at the molecular level. [0012] The third concept resulted from studies regarding the isolation and characterization of the glycosyltransferases that form carbohydrates. These studies showed that carbohydrate moieties are usually built one by one, and each reaction is carried out by a glycosyltransferase that forms only a specific linkage. The advent of molecular biology in this field has enabled scientists to manipulate carbohydrate expression and study glycoprotein function. [0013] Based on critical advances in this field, the most recent studies demonstrated that oligosaccharides uniquely present in leukocytes act as ligands for adhesive molecules in endothelia and platelets. When these adhesive molecules, known as selecting, were cloned, it was discovered that they contained carbohydrate recognition domains. Thus, studies on cell-type specific carbohydrates and animal lectins corroborated each other. Moreover, these studies were preceded by the findings that lymphocyte-endothelial interaction is dependent upon carbohydrates. [0014] Given the above, research directed toward the synthesis of drugs that would correct malformation of glycoproteins on cell surfaces began. After the carbohydrate ligand sialyl-Le.sup.x was identified, pharmaceutical companies soon synthesized it for therapeutic purposes. This line of research has since become much easier because enzymatic synthesis of carbohydrates is now possible thanks to the availability of glycosyltransferases generated by cloned cDNAs (Fukuda et al., Glycobiology, 1994). [0015] The synthesis of all proteins and glycoproteins is controlled by somatic genes embodied in the chromosomes of a cell. The coding information expressed in nucleic acids (DNA) controls all cellular functions, including general body defense, regeneration, remodeling and healing. Though DNA provides the blueprint, the cellular components cannot be built correctly without the required building blocks. As discussed above, cytokines are key components used for intracellular instruction to carry out the body's vital functions. However, many cytokines do not function properly without an attached glycosyl moiety. [0016] Table 1 lists some of the known physiological functions served by glycoproteins. Table 2 lists some of the specific known functions that the oligosaccharide branches or chains of glycoproteins perform. TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Some known functions served by glycoproteins: Function Glycoproteins Structural molecule Collagens Lubricant and protective Mucins agent Transport molecule Transferrin, ceruloplasmin Immunologic molecule Immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens Hormone Chorionic gonadotropin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Enzyme Various, e.g., alkaline phosphatase Cell attachment- Various proteins involved in cell--cell (e.g., recognition site sperm-oocyte), virus-cell, bacterium-cell, and hormone-cell interactions Interact with specific Some lectins carbohydrates [0017] TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Some known functions of the oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins: Modulate physicochemical properties, e.g., solubility, viscosity, charge, and protein denaturation Protect against proteolysis from within and outside the cell Affect proteolytic processing of precursor proteins to smaller products Are involved in biologic activity, e.g., of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Affect insertion of protein into membranes, intracellular protein migration, and protein sorting and secretion Affect embryonic development and differentiation Affect metabolism May affect sites of metastases selected by cancer cells [0018] In summary, various processes of the cell are regulated or affected by correctly structured and, therefore, properly functioning glycoproteins. [0019] Despite the above discussed current scientific knowledge concerning the importance of glycoproteins to cell-cell communication and the importance of carbohydrates in the formation of glycoproteins, and despite the fact that diet is the source of a majority of carbohydrates, the fields of glycobiology and nutrition have never been adequately investigated together. Although current nutrition textbooks stress the importance of essential vitamins, minerals, proteins (amino acids) and fats in great detail, sugars are currently recognized only as a source of energy (Shils et al., 1994)--not as substances essential to glycoprotein production for good health. For example, Shils et al. disclose that the principal sources of dietary carbohydrates are: 1) maize, rice, wheat, and potato which yield starches comprising glucose; 2) sugar cane and beet sugar which yield fructose and glucose; and 3) milk which yields galactose and glucose (Shils et al., Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, (1994)). [0020] By way of contrast, Harper's Biochemistry (Murray et al., 1996) lists eight and Principles of Biochemistry, Vol II (Zubay et al., 1995) lists eleven monosaccharides commonly found in the oligosaccharide chains of cellular glycoproteins. Thus, of the approximate 200 monosaccharides found in nature, these eleven are believed to be important toward maintaining good health in mammals. [0021] These eleven saccharides include galactose, glucose, mannose, N-acetylneuraminic acid, fucose, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine and xylose (Murray et al., Harper's Biochemistry 1996) as well as iduronic acid, arabinose and glucuronic acid, (Zubay et al., Principles of Biochemistry, Vol II, 1995). The structures of these carbohydrates are disclosed in Stryer's Biochemistry (Stryer, 1995) and the Merck Index, 12th Edition, 1996. Continue reading about Compositions of plant carbohydrates as dietary supplements... Full patent description for Compositions of plant carbohydrates as dietary supplements Brief Patent Description - Full Patent Description - Patent Application Claims Click on the above for other options relating to this Compositions of plant carbohydrates as dietary supplements patent application. ###  How KEYWORD MONITOR works... a FREE service from FreshPatents1. Sign up (takes 30 seconds). 2. Fill in the keywords to be monitored. 3. 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