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Composition of matter tailoring: system iRelated Patent Categories: Compositions, Electrically Conductive Or Emissive Compositions, Free Metal ContainingComposition of matter tailoring: system i description/claimsThe Patent Description & Claims data below is from USPTO Patent Application 20060102881, Composition of matter tailoring: system i. Brief Patent Description - Full Patent Description - Patent Application Claims
RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 10/123,028, filed Apr. 12, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,921,497, issued Jul. 26, 2005, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/416,720, filed Oct. 13, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,572,792, issued Jun. 3, 2003, and a continuation-in-part of International Application No. PCT/US00/28549, which designated the United States and was filed on Oct. 13, 2000, published in English, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/416,720, filed Oct. 13, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,572,792, issued Jun. 3, 2003. The entire teachings of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] All matter has structure. The structure of matter emanates from the electronic structure of the elements of the periodic table. It is the electronic structure of the elements and the new electronic structures that arise as a consequence of their combination in molecules that define the electronic state and character of matter. It is also the electronic structure that creates the properties identified and associated with elements and the matter that results from their combination and arrangement (e.g., molecules and matter). [0003] Certain combinations of elements give rise to states of matter with particularly desirable properties. For instance, certain states of matter have long-range order, which refers to matter that has repeating aligned chemical, electronic, or structural units. Example of such states of matter include surfactant membranes, crystals such as smectic liquid crystals and liquid crystalline polymers, and magnetic materials. [0004] One means of imparting unique properties to a material involves adding carbon to the material. Depending on the parent material and on the amount of carbon added, carbon may remain dissolved in a material or may precipitate out to form discrete carbon structures. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0005] The present invention relates to a new composition of matter comprised of `p`, `d`, and/or `f` atomic orbitals, and a process for making the composition of matter. This new composition of matter can be distinguished by a change in energy, electronic properties, physical properties, and the like. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is a preferred method of detecting and distinguishing new compositions of matter. The change in properties can be controlled to be transient, fixed, or adjustable (temporarily permanent) and includes properties such as mechanical, electrical, chemical, thermal, engineering, and physical properties, as well structural character of the composition of matter (e.g., alignment, orientation, order, anisotropy, and the like). [0006] The present invention includes manufactured metals and alloys characterized by the x-ray fluorescence spectrometry plots and elemental abundance tables (obtained from x-ray fluorescence analysis) contained herein. [0007] The present invention is additionally a method of processing a metal or an alloy of metals, comprising the steps of: [0008] (A.) adding the metal or alloy to a reactor in one or more steps and melting said metal or alloy; [0009] (B.) adding a carbon source to the molten metal or alloy and dissolving carbon in said molten metal or alloy, followed by removing the undissolved carbon source; [0010] (C.) increasing the temperature of the molten metal or alloy; [0011] (D.) varying the temperature of the molten metal or alloy between two temperatures over one or more cycles; [0012] (E.) adding a flow of an inert gas through the molten metal or alloy; [0013] (F.) varying the temperature of the molten metal or alloy between two temperatures over one or more cycles; [0014] (G.) adding a carbon source to the molten metal or alloy and further dissolving carbon in said molten metal or alloy, followed by removing the undissolved carbon source; [0015] (H.) varying the temperature of the molten metal or alloy between two temperatures over one or more cycles, wherein the molten metal or alloy has a greater degree of saturation with carbon than in Step (F.); [0016] (I.) stopping the flow of the inert gas; [0017] (J.) varying the temperature of the molten metal or alloy between two temperatures over one or more cycles, wherein the molten metal or alloy has a greater degree of saturation with carbon than in Step (H.) and wherein an inert gas is added as the temperature is lowered and an inert gas, chosen independently, is added as the temperature is raised; [0018] (K.) varying the temperature of the molten metal or alloy between two temperatures over one or more cycles, wherein the molten metal or alloy has a greater degree of saturation with carbon than in Step (J.) and wherein an inert gas is added as the temperature is lowered and an inert gas, chosen independently, is added as the temperature is raised; [0019] (L.) stopping the flow of the inert gases; [0020] (M.) varying the temperature of the molten metal or alloy between two temperatures over one or more cycles, wherein the molten metal or alloy has an equal or greater degree of saturation with carbon than in Step (K.); and [0021] (N.) cooling the molten metal or alloy to room temperature, thereby obtaining a solidified manufactured metal or alloy. Steps (D.), (F.), (H.), (J.), (K.), and (L.) of the present method are commonly referred to as "cycling steps" below. For purposes of the present invention, carbon "dissolved" in a metal is defined as carbon that has been solubilized in a molten metal, adsorbed by a metal, reacted with a metal, or has otherwise interacted with a metal such that carbon is desorbed or transferred from a solid carbon source into a molten metal. [0022] Preferably, the present invention is a method of processing copper, comprised of the steps described above. [0023] The present invention also includes a method of processing a metal or an alloy of metals, comprising the steps of: [0024] (A.) adding the metal or alloy to a reactor in one or more steps and melting said metal or alloy; [0025] (B.) adding a carbon source to the molten metal or alloy and dissolving carbon in said molten metal or alloy, followed by removing the undissolved carbon source; [0026] (C.) varying the temperature of the molten metal or alloy between two temperatures over two or more cycles; [0027] (D.) adding a carbon source to the molten metal or alloy and further dissolving carbon in said molten metal or alloy, followed by removing the undissolved carbon source; [0028] (E.) varying the temperature of the molten metal or alloy between two temperatures over two or more cycles, wherein the molten metal or alloy has a greater degree of saturation with carbon than in Step (D.); and [0029] (F.) cooling the molten metal or alloy to room temperature, thereby obtaining a solidified manufactured metal or alloy; [0030] further characterized by adding a flow of inert gas, before, during, or after one or more of Steps (B.) through (E.). [0031] In another embodiment, the present invention is a method of processing copper, or other metal or alloy comprising: [0032] (1.) contacting molten copper or other metal or alloy with a carbon source; [0033] (2.) an iterative cycling process, wherein relative saturation of copper or other metal or alloy with carbon remains the same or increases independently with each cycle; and [0034] (3.) cooling the molten copper or other metal or alloy to room temperature, thereby obtaining a solidified manufactured copper or other metal or alloy. [0035] Advantages of the present invention include a method of processing metals into new compositions of matter and producing and characterizing compositions of matter with altered physical and/or electrical properties. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0036] FIGS. 1A and 1B show non-contact magnetic force microscopy images of natural copper and manufactured copper, respectively. [0037] FIG. 2A shows non-contact magnetic force microscopy of manufactured copper. [0038] FIG. 2B shows scanning tunneling microscopy images of manufactured copper. [0039] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 4A and 4B show x-ray emission spectrometry images of natural copper and manufactured copper. [0040] FIG. 5A shows a non-contact magnetic force microscopy image of manufactured copper. FIG. 5B shows a x-ray emission spectroscopy image of manufactured copper. [0041] FIGS. 6A and 6B show a plot of an x-ray fluorescence spectrometry comparison of manufactured copper and natural copper. [0042] FIG. 7 shows a plot of an X-ray fluorescence spectrometry in relation to the direction of the scan. [0043] FIG. 8 shows a plot of a change in capacitance and voltage decay for a manufactured metal. Continue reading about Composition of matter tailoring: system i... 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