Chemistry: electrical and wave energy inventions 09/08

20080230372 - Deposition system with electrically isolated pallet and anode assemblies: A system for substrate deposition. The system includes a wafer pallet and an anode. The wafer pallet has a bottom and a top. The top of the wafer pallet is configured to hold a substrate wafer. The anode has a substantially fixed position relative to the wafer pallet and is... Agent: Blakely Sokoloff Taylor & Zafman LLP

20080230371 - Method and apparatus for extending chamber component life in a substrate processing system: A chamber component for a substrate processing system is described. The chamber component comprises a primary member, and a deposit absorbing member coupled to the primary member, wherein the deposit absorbing member comprises a porous material configured to absorb material that is deposited on a surface thereof.... Agent: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland Maier & Neustadt, P.C.

20080230374 - Electrical-discharge surface-treatment method: An electrode for an electrical-discharge surface-treatment method is molded with a metallic powder or a metallic compound powder having an average grain diameter of 6 micrometers to 10 micrometers. A coat on a surface of a workpiece is formed with a material constituting the electrode or a substance that is... Agent: Sughrue Mion, PLLC

20080230373 - Methods of forming a phase-change material layer including tellurium and methods of manufacturing a phase-change memory device using the same: The present invention provides methods of forming a phase-change material layer including providing a substrate and a chalcogenide target including germanium (Ge), antimony (Sb) and tellurium (Te) at a temperature wherein tellurium is volatilized and antimony is not volatilized, and performing a sputtering process to form the phase-change material layer... Agent: Myers Bigel Sibley & Sajovec

20080230375 - Sputtering method and sputtering apparatus: The objective of the present invention is to provide a technique capable of easily forming an alloy layer containing an additive metal on an object to provide a concentration gradient in a thickness direction by sputtering in one treatment vessel. That is, the present invention can form a film with... Agent: Masuvalley & Partners

20080230376 - Combination of a desalination plant and a salinity gradient power reverse electrodialysis plant and use thereof: A desalination plant, includes a sea water intake, a desalination unit having a reverse osmosis or a thermal desalination unit, a fresh water outlet and a brine outlet. The plant also includes a salinity gradient power unit having a brine inlet, a seawater inlet and a mixed water outlet. The... Agent: Merchant & Gould PC

20080230377 - Apparatus and methods for capacitively coupled plasma vapor processing of semiconductor wafers: A capacitively coupled plasma reactor comprising a processing chamber, a first electrode, a second electrode and a thermoelectric unit. The processing chamber has an upper portion with a gas inlet and a lower portion, and the upper portion is in fluid communication with the lower portion. The first electrode has... Agent: Perkins Coie LLP Patent-sea

20080230379 - Methods and systems for forming cooling holes having circular inlets and non-circular outlets: A method for forming a hole in an object is provided. The method includes forming a starter hole in the object, providing an electrochemical machining electrode that includes insulation that extends only partially around the electrode, and inserting the electrode into the starter hole to form a hole in the... Agent: John S. Beulick (17851) Armstrong Teasdale LLP

20080230378 - Methods and systems for forming tapered cooling holes: A method for forming holes in an object is provided. The method includes providing an electrochemical machining (ECM) electrode including a first section having insulation that circumscribes the first section, and a second section having insulation that extends only partially around the second section. The method also includes inserting the... Agent: John S. Beulick (17851) Armstrong Teasdale LLP

20080230380 - Electrode for generation of hydrogen: The present invention provides an electrode for generation of hydrogen comprising: a conductive substrate; a catalytic layer formed on the conductive substrate and containing at least one platinum group metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Ir, Ru, Pd and Rh; and a hydrogen adsorption layer formed on the... Agent: Sughrue-265550

20080230381 - System for the electrolytic production of sodium chlorate: A system for the electrolytic production of sodium chlorate having a sodium chloride brine buffered with phosphate and having a reduced or zero chromium content is disclosed. The system comprises electrolytic cells of the undivided type with intercalated cathodes and anodes. The cathodes can comprise steel perforated sheets activated with... Agent: Eschweiler & Associates, LLC National City Bank Building

20080230382 - Sputter cathode assembly and sputter coating device: A magnetron cathode assembly of the present invention comprises a drive shaft, one end being connected with a cathode or target assembly in the interior space of a vacuum chamber. A housing is rigidly mounted to the wall of a coating chamber of a sputter coating device by a flange.... Agent: Townsend And Townsend And Crew, LLP

20080230383 - Dehydration/rehydration of derivatized, marker-loaded liposomes on a test device and method of use thereof: The present invention relates to a method for making a test device for detecting or quantifying an analyte in a sample. This method involves contacting a membrane with a mixture including derivatized, marker-loaded liposomes, and substantially dehydrating the mixture on the membrane under vacuum pressure at a temperature of from... Agent: Nixon Peabody LLP - Patent Group

20080230384 - Low volume electrochemical biosensor: A biosensor in which at least one reagent constitutes a portion of a working electrode, a conductive track leading from a working electrode to an electrical contact associated with a working electrode, or an electrical contact associated with a working electrode. For example, the biosensor can have a mediator or... Agent: Bozicevic, Field & Francis LLP

20080230385 - Nox sensing system having nox sensor and method for determining a nox concentration utilizing the nox sensor: A NOx sensing system having a NOx sensor and a method for determining a NOx concentration utilizing the NOx sensor are provided. The NOx sensor utilizes a second chamber communicating with ambient atmosphere with ambient oxygen for allowing an electrochemical cell to accurately measure an oxygen concentration in a first... Agent: Cantor Colburn, LLP

20080230386 - Sample processing droplet actuator, system and method: Sample processing droplet actuators, systems and methods are provided. According to one embodiment, a stamping device including a droplet microactuator is provided and includes: (a) a first plate including a path or network of control electrodes for transporting droplets on a surface thereof; (b) a second plate mounted in a... Agent: Ward And Smith, P.A.

20080230389 - Electrochemical detector integrated on microfabricated capillary electrophoresis chip and method of manufacturing the same: An electrochemical detector integrated on a capillary electrophoresis chip according to the present invention includes: a first substrate having a microchannel; a second substrate adapted to mate with the first substrate and having at least one peripheral electrode for conducting electrophoresis of a sample injected along the microchannel of the... Agent: The Webb Law Firm, P.C.

20080230387 - Microfluidic devices and methods of using same: A variety of elastomeric-based microfluidic devices and methods for using and manufacturing such devices are provided. Certain of the devices have arrays of reaction sites to facilitate high throughput analyses. Some devices also include reaction sites located at the end of blind channels at which reagents have been previously deposited... Agent: Townsend And Townsend And Crew, LLP

20080230388 - Rapid homogeneous immunoassay using electrophoresis: The present invention concerns methods, compositions and apparatus for detection and/or determination of concentration of target molecules. In preferred embodiments the methods comprise allowing target molecules to form a complex with a first binding agent conjugated to a detection molecule and a second binding agent conjugated to a capture molecule,... Agent: Faegre & Benson LLP Patent Docketing

20080223713 - Photocatalyst having improved quantum efficiency and method for use in photocatalytic and photosynthetic: The present invention involves increasing the quantum efficiency in titania photocatalysts for photocatalytic (oxidation of acetaldehyde) and photosynthetic (photosplitting of water) reactions by integrating the titania photocatalyst with a polar mineral having surface electrical fields due to pyroelectric and piezoelectric effects, and by adjusting the nanostructure of the photocatalyst materials.... Agent: Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation

20080223712 - Method of preparing metal nanoparticles: A method of manufacturing metal nanoparticles by mixing a metal precursor with a solvent to prepare a mixed solution, and radiating the mixed solution with an ion beam to reduce the metal precursor and produce the metal nanoparticles. In addition, when metal nanoparticles are prepared by using an ion beam,... Agent: Robert E. Bushnell

20080223714 - Method and sputter-deposition system for depositing a layer composed of a mixture of materials and having a predetermined refractive index: A method and sputter-deposition system for depositing a layer composed of a mixture of materials and having a predetermined refractive index are provided. The sputter-deposition system includes a plurality of target cathodes, each of which comprises a target material having a different composition, that are powered by a single DC... Agent: Allen, Dyer, Doppelt, Milbrath & Gilchrist P.A.

20080223715 - Coating of optical substrates using closed field system: The invention relates to apparatus and a method for depositing material onto substrates, particularly optical substrates, to form a coating thereon. The apparatus and method incorporates the use of a series of magnetrons provided to be controlled to sputter deposit material provided in targets mounted therein, on to the substrates.... Agent: Nixon Peabody LLP - Patent Group

20080223716 - Method and control system for depositing a layer: A method and control system are provided for depositing a layer in a sputter-deposition system having a target cathode. A first dependence relationship of a deposition rate of the layer on an operating parameter, selected from cathode voltage, cathode current, and cathode power, is provided prior to deposition of the... Agent: Allen, Dyer, Doppelt, Milbrath & Gilchrist P.A.

20080223717 - Wettability switch: The present invention relates to a wettability switch that comprises an electrochemically active element having a wetting surface with switchable wetting properties. The electrochemically active element comprises an electrochemically active polymer, and surface active molecules each having a lyophobic portion and a lyophilic portion. In the wettability switch, each of... Agent: Harness, Dickey & Pierce, P.L.C

20080223718 - Ai-based alloy sputtering target and process for producing the same: The present invention relates to an Al-based alloy sputtering target, comprising Ni in an amount of 0.05 to 10 atomic percent, wherein the Al-based alloy sputtering target satisfies: (1) that a ratio of a P value to a total area of a sputtering surface is 70% or more, wherein the... Agent: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland Maier & Neustadt, P.C.

20080223719 - Potentiostat circuit: A potentiostat is provided for a biosensor circuit and permits sequential and simultaneous measurements to be performed at different cells across a matrix of biosensing devices. Accordingly, a potentiostat comprises a first differential amplifier for receiving a scanning voltage at a first input terminal and a voltage at the reference... Agent: Oliff & Berridge, PLC

20080223721 - High efficiency and high precision microfluidic devices and methods: New high density microfluidic devices and methods provide precise metering of fluid volumes and efficient mixing of the metered volumes. A first solution is introduced into a segment of a flow channel in fluidic communication with a reaction chamber. A second solution is flowed through the segment so that the... Agent: Townsend And Townsend And Crew, LLP

20080223720 - Microchannel structure and fine-particle production method using the same: A microchannel structure including a dispersed-phase introduction channel which communicates with a dispersed-phase introduction inlet; a continuous-phase introduction channel which communicates with a continuous-phase introduction inlet; a discharge channel which communicates with a discharge outlet; a fine-particle formation channel; and a plurality of branch channels for dispersed-phase introduction which are... Agent: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland Maier & Neustadt, P.C.

20080223722 - Electrophoresis process: An electrophoresis apparatus is generally disclosed for sequentially analyzing a single sample or multiple samples having one or more analytes in high or low concentrations. The apparatus comprises a relatively large-bore transport capillary which intersects with a plurality of small-bore separation capillaries and includes a valve system. Analyte concentrators, having... Agent: SocalIPLaw Group LLP

20080217159 - Decomposition method and decomposition apparatus for nucleic acid polymer: A method for decomposing a target nucleic acid polymer, comprising: bonding a probe nucleic acid polymer and a microparticle to form a probe nucleic acid polymer-bonded microparticle, adding a target nucleic acid polymer to the probe nucleic acid polymer contained within the probe nucleic acid polymer-bonded microparticle to form an... Agent: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner LLP

20080217160 - Sonochemistry: A sonochemical reactor provides an environment for processing chemicals, waste products and the like. The reactor utilises a closely packed transducer arrangement. The transducer spacing is such that cross-coupling enhances the insonification region of fluid within the reaction chamber whilst avoiding undesirable longitudinal modes. The arrangement is particularly suited to... Agent: Mcdonnell Boehnen Hulbert & Berghoff LLP

20080217161 - Process for the simultaneous and selective preparation of single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes: The present invention provides a process for the simultaneous and selective growth of single walled and multiwalled carbon nanotubes using electric arc discharge technique. According to present development it is possible to synthesise and collect catalyst free carbon nanotubes from cathode deposit. A mechanism of cooling coil arrangement was designed... Agent: Fulbright & Jaworski L.l.p.

20080217162 - Method to deposit a coating by sputtering: The invention relates to a method to deposit a coating on a substrate by sputtering using a sputter target comprising a doping element whereby the deposited coating is substantially free of the doping element. The invention further relates to a sputter target having as sputter material a non-conductive main component... Agent: Foley And Lardner LLP Suite 500

20080217163 - Manufacturing method for a far-infrared substrate: A manufacturing method for a far-infrared (FIR) substrate is provided. The manufacturing method includes steps of providing a substrate and sputtering a FIR emission material onto at least one surface of the substrate to form a thin film.... Agent: Volpe And Koenig, P.c.

20080217164 - Electrolytic processing apparatus: An electrolytic processing apparatus (50) has feed electrodes (74) to feed a current to a substrate (W), an ion exchanger (76) brought into contact with the substrate (W), and process electrodes (72) to perform an electrolytic process on the substrate (W). The electrolytic processing apparatus (50) has an electrolytic processing... Agent: Wenderoth, Lind & Ponack, L.l.p.

20080217168 - Electrode for electrolysis and electrolysis unit: There are disclosed an electrode for electrolysis capable of efficiently forming ozone by electrolysis of an electrolytic solution (e.g., water) at ordinary temperature with a low current density, and an electrolysis unit using the electrode. The electrode for electrolysis includes a substrate and a surface layer formed on the surface... Agent: Mcdermott Will & Emery LLP

20080217169 - Method and apparatus for electrowinning copper using the ferrous/ferric anode reaction: The present invention relates, generally, to a method and apparatus for electrowinning metals, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for copper electrowinning using the ferrous/ferric anode reaction. In general, the use of a flow-through anode—coupled with an effective electrolyte circulation system—enables the efficient and cost-effective operation of a... Agent: Snell & Wilmer L.l.p. (main)

20080217165 - Apparatus and methods for electrochemical processing of microelectronic workpieces: An apparatus and method for electrochemical processing of microelectronic workpieces in a reaction vessel. In one embodiment, the reaction vessel includes: an outer container having an outer wall; a distributor coupled to the outer container, the distributor having a first outlet configured to introduce a primary flow into the outer... Agent: Perkins Coie LLP/semitool

20080217167 - Apparatus and methods for electrochemical processing of microelectronic workpieces: An apparatus and method for electrochemical processing of microelectronic workpieces in a reaction vessel. In one embodiment, the reaction vessel includes: an outer container having an outer wall; a distributor coupled to the outer container, the distributor having a first outlet configured to introduce a primary flow into the outer... Agent: Perkins Coie LLP/semitool

20080217166 - Apparatus and methods for electrochemical processsing of microelectronic workpieces: An apparatus and method for electrochemical processing of microelectronic workpieces in a reaction vessel. In one embodiment, the reaction vessel includes: an outer container having an outer wall; a distributor coupled to the outer container, the distributor having a first outlet configured to introduce a primary flow into the outer... Agent: Perkins Coie LLP/semitool

20080217170 - Sputtering system: A sputtering system including a vacuum chamber, at least one cathode located in said vacuum chamber, a first gas introduction mechanism for supplying a gas along a surface of the cathode, which first gas introduction mechanism is located in the vacuum chamber and provided through the at least one cathode,... Agent: Buchanan, Ingersoll & Rooney Pc

20080217171 - Biosensor: A biosensor that is capable of measuring a material contained in a sample is provided. The biosensor is configured to be inserted into a display device, and measures a material contained in the sample. The biosensor includes i) first and second substrates that are opposed to each other; ii) a... Agent: Lexyoume Ip Group, Llc

20080217172 - Apparatus for measuring electrochemical corrosion: Disclosed herein is an electrochemical corrosion sensor. The sensor may include an array of electrodes wherein each electrode may include a diamond like carbon coating disposed on at least a portion of the electrodes. The coating thickness may be at least about 1 micron. The electrodes may therefore provide relatively... Agent: Grossman, Tucker, Perreault & Pfleger, Pllc

20080217173 - Gas sensor: A sensor for detecting a target substance, in particular carbon dioxide, in a gas stream comprises a sensing element (8) disposed to be exposed to the gas stream, the sensing element comprising a working electrode (12); a counter electrode (14); and a solid electrolyte precursor (16) extending between and in... Agent: Kimberly A. Chasteen

20080217174 - Gas sensor: A gas sensor is provided for determining the concentration of a gas component in a measuring gas, in particular for determining the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines, which has an electrode pair situated on a solid-state electrolyte and made up of an outer pump electrode... Agent: Kenyon & Kenyon LLP

20080217175 - Electrochemical sensor and method of manufacture: An electrochemical sensor is provided that includes a housing having an outer wall, a plurality of longitudinal walls disposed within the outer wall, and a reference chamber housing a reference electrode. The longitudinal walls define a plurality of longitudinal chambers. Ionic communication between the target fluid and the reference electrode... Agent: Tsircou Intellectual Property Law

20080217176 - Portable oxygen maintenance and regulation concentrator apparatus: The fast and convenient usage of clean and pure oxygen supply devices will meet the requirements of medical application and special environment safety issues. The electrochemical oxygen concentration is a device by using an electrochemical reactor of one electrode of oxygen reduction and another electrode of oxygen generation. The operation... Agent: Bacon & Thomas, Pllc

20080217177 - Capillary electrophoresis apparatus: e

20080217178 - Double chamber tank for horizontal gel electrophoresis: A tank apparatus (10) for horizontal electrophoresis that comprises a base member (12) having at least first and second independent receptacles (16, 18) for accommodating buffer solution. Each of the receptacles comprises an inlet (28, 28′) for allowing communication with the external environment. A cover member (14) covers at least... Agent: Fleit Gibbons Gutman Bongini & Bianco Pl

20080217179 - Classification scheme for nanoobjects: A method is provided for classifying nanoobjects having different electrical properties, such as conductivities and permittivities. The method includes: suspending nanoobjects having different electrical properties in a liquid medium; passing the liquid medium through a microchamber; and filtering nanoobjects having a first type of electrical property from the liquid medium... Agent: Harness, Dickey & Pierce, P.L.C

20080210542 - Method of decomposing carbon dioxide and method of forming carbon-particle structure: A novel technical method, which can realize carbon dioxide reduction, which is a task to be urgently accomplished from the viewpoint of global environmental problems, can realize carbon dioxide decomposition for the carbon dioxide reduction, and can realize the utilization of carbon resources obtained from the carbon dioxide with a... Agent: Burr & Brown

20080210543 - Mems vascular sensor: A micromachined sensor for measuring vascular parameters, such as fluid shear stress, includes a substrate having a front-side surface, and a backside surface opposite the front-side surface. The sensor includes a diaphragm overlying a cavity etched within the substrate, and a heat sensing element disposed on the front-side surface of... Agent: Mcdermott Will & Emery LLP

20080210544 - Method for manufacturing a magnetic tunnel junction sensor using ion beam deposition: A method for forming a MgOx barrier layer in a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) sensor, also known in the art as a tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) sensor. The MgOx barrier layer is deposited by an ion beam deposition (IBD) process that results in a MgOx barrier layer having exceptional, uniform properties... Agent: Zilka-kotab, PC- Hit

20080210549 - Method and apparatus for manufacturing a substrate with a magnetron sputter coating: Manufacturing a coated substrate by magnetron sputtering includes cyclically moving the magnetron magnetic field pattern along a sputter surface, positioning a substrate to be coated a distance from and facing the sputter surface, moving the substrate along the sputter surface and varying an amount of material deposited on the total... Agent: Notaro And Michalos

20080210545 - Method and apparatus for producing electric discharges: In producing discharges in a load element such as a magnetron sputtering device, electric pulses are provided from different electric pulse sources, e.g. three or more electric pulse sources. The pulse sources are controlled by a control and monitoring unit to give the element electric pulses different heights and start... Agent: Nixon & Vanderhye, PC

20080210548 - Method for controlling plasma density or the distribution thereof: Magnetron source has a target configuration with a sputter surface, a magnet configuration generating above the sputter surface a magnetic field which forms, in top view onto the sputter surface, at least one magnet field loop. Viewed in a cross-sectional direction upon the target configuration, a tunnel-shaped arc magnet field... Agent: Notaro And Michalos

20080210547 - Sputtering apparatus and film-forming processes: A sputtering apparatus for ensuring high target utilization efficiency is provided. The sputtering apparatus 1 of the present invention comprises a moving means 28a, 28b so that first and second magnet members 23a, 23b can be moved by the moving means 28a, 28b in planes parallel to the surfaces of... Agent: Kratz, Quintos & Hanson, LLP

20080210546 - Sputtering apparatus, method for producing a transparent electroconductive film: A transparent electroconductive film having a small resistance value and a high transmittance and causing no damage upon an underlying organic EL film is formed. First and second targets are spaced and arranged in parallel, and a shielding plate is provided between the space and a transporting path for an... Agent: Kratz, Quintos & Hanson, LLP

20080210550 - Vacuum coating system and method for vacuum coating: The invention provides a device for the vacuum coating of substrates which comprises a vacuum chamber, an apparatus for holding at least one substrate, at least one first coating region of the vacuum chamber with an apparatus for plasma pulse-induced chemical vapor deposition (PICVD) and at least one second coating... Agent: Demont & Breyer, LLC

20080210551 - Target for transparent conductive thin film, transparent conductive thin film and manufacturing method thereof, electrode material for display, and organic electroluminescence element: The target for the transparent conductive thin film having indium oxide as its major component and containing tungsten and/or molybdenum, obtained by forming a body of indium oxide powder, and tungsten oxide power and/or molybdenum oxide powder and then heating or sintering the formed body such that the thin film... Agent: Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP

20080210552 - Small portable electrolytic sodium hypochlorite on site generators: The present invention describes four preferred embodiments of an apparatus aimed to the production of a dilute solution of sodium hypochlorite. It uses the process of the electrolysis of a dilute solution of sodium chloride in water by means of two metallic electrodes immersed in the solution. The electricity needed... Agent: Giovanni Del Signore

20080210553 - Hydrogen generator having a porous electrode plate: There is provided a hydrogen generator having a porous electrode plate. The hydrogen generator including: an electrolytic bath having an electrolyte of a predetermined amount filled therein; a cover hermetically covering an open top of the electrolytic bath and having at least one hydrogen outlet; an electrode part fixed to... Agent: Mcdermott Will & Emery LLP

20080210554 - Method for treating the surface of object and apparatus thereof: An apparatus for treating the surface of an object to be treated comprising introducing a surface treatment fluid into a reaction vessel (4) capable of receiving an object, introducing the surface treatment fluid into a separation vessel (14) after the object is subjected to surface treatment, and circulating the surface... Agent: Jordan And Hamburg LLP

20080210555 - High density ceramic and cermet sputtering targets by microwave sintering: A method of manufacturing sputtering targets from powder materials, comprising steps of: providing at least one raw powder material; forming the at least one raw powder material into a green body with density greater than about 40 % of theoretical maximum density; treating the green body with microwaves to form... Agent: Mcdermott Will & Emery LLP

20080210556 - Sputtering apparatus: A sputtering apparatus with high usage efficiency of a target is provided. A sputtering apparatus of the present invention includes first and second ring magnets, first and second magnet members arranged inside a ring of the first and second ring magnets, wherein in the first and second ring magnets and... Agent: Kratz, Quintos & Hanson, LLP

20080210557 - Subcutaneous glucose electrode: A small diameter flexible electrode designed for subcutaneous in vivo amperometric monitoring of glucose is described. The electrode is designed to allow “one-point” in vivo calibration, i.e., to have zero output current at zero glucose concentration, even in the presence of other electroreactive species of serum or blood. The electrode... Agent: Sughrue Mion, PLLC

20080210558 - Electrowetting pumping device and use for measuring electrical activity: The invention relates to a method for pumping through an orifice (30, 31) of a first substrate (1), a first volume of liquid (2) in contact with a first hydrophobic surface of said substrate, wherein a pressure variation between the first volume of liquid and a second volume of liquid... Agent: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland Maier & Neustadt, P.C.

20080210559 - High energy density electro-osmotic pump and actuator: A nastic actuator includes the electro-osmotic pump and an actuator chamber, having a variable volume, coupled to the pump chamber. A superabsorbent polymer is disposed in the pump and actuator chambers, such that transport of the fluid into the pump chamber results in absorption of the fluid by the superabsorbent... Agent: Koppel, Patrick & Heybl

20080210560 - Stationary capillary electrophoresis system: A system and method for capillary electrophoresis are provided for analyzing a macromolecule prepared from a complex liquid mixture. In particular applications, methods and apparatus are provided for separating and analyzing a solution containing a denatured macromolecule by employing a stationary capillary electrophoresis apparatus. An apparatus for capillary electrophoresis includes... Agent: Hamilton, Brook, Smith & Reynolds, P.C.