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  Apparatus and methods for 3d printingUSPTO Application #: 20080042321Title: Apparatus and methods for 3d printing Abstract: The invention relates to apparatus and methods for producing three-dimensional objects and auxiliary systems used in conjunction with the aforementioned apparatus and methods. The apparatus and methods involve continuously printing radially about a circular and/or rotating build table using multiple printheads. The apparatus and methods also include optionally using multiple build tables. The auxiliary systems relate to build material supply, printhead cleaning, diagnostics, and monitoring operation of the apparatus. (end of abstract)
Agent: Goodwin Procter LLP Patent Administrator - Boston, MA, US Inventors: David Russell, Andres T. Hernandez, Joshua Kingsley, Andrew Berlin USPTO Applicaton #: 20080042321 - Class: 264308000 (USPTO) Related Patent Categories: Plastic And Nonmetallic Article Shaping Or Treating: Processes, Mechanical Shaping Or Molding To Form Or Reform Shaped Article, Shaping Against Forming Surface (e.g., Casting, Die Shaping, Etc.), Incremental Layer Molding Type The Patent Description & Claims data below is from USPTO Patent Application 20080042321. Brief Patent Description - Full Patent Description - Patent Application Claims
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This application incorporates by reference, and claims priority to and the benefit of, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/472,922, which was filed on May 23, 2003. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates to apparatus and methods for creating three-dimensional objects by printing. BACKGROUND [0003] Generally, 3D printing involves the use of an inkjet type printhead to deliver a liquid or colloidal binder material to layers of a powdered build material. The printing technique involves applying a layer of a powdered build material to a surface typically using a roller. After the build material is applied to the surface, the printhead delivers the liquid binder to predetermined areas of the layer of material. The binder infiltrates the material and reacts with the powder, causing the layer to solidify in the printed areas by, for example, activating an adhesive in the powder. The binder also penetrates into the underlying layers, producing interlayer bonding. After the first cross-sectional portion is formed, the previous steps are repeated, building successive cross-sectional portions until the final object is formed. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,375,874 and 6,416,850, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. [0004] Apparatus for carrying out 3D printing typically move the printheads over the print surface in raster fashion along orthogonal X and Y axes. In addition to the time spent printing, each printhead move requires time for acceleration, deceleration, and returning the printhead to the starting position of the next move. The inefficiencies inherent in these reciprocating motions reduce the productivity of the 3D printing process. [0005] It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide apparatus and methods for continuously and efficiently performing 3D printing. SUMMARY [0006] Generally, the invention relates to apparatus and methods for producing three-dimensional objects, such as casting cores, toys, bottles, cans, architectural models, automotive parts, molecular models, models of body parts, cell phone housings, and footwear, more rapidly and efficiently than heretofore achievable. Additionally, the invention relates to systems and methods for maintaining and operating the aforementioned apparatus. In particular, if a user wants to produce large volumes of three-dimensional objects rapidly, a 3D printing apparatus in accordance with the invention can achieve a high throughput by continuously printing, using multiple printheads. [0007] In one aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for fabricating a three-dimensional object from a representation of the object stored in memory. The apparatus includes a rotary build table for receiving successive layers of a build material and an array having at least one printhead disposed above the build table. In one embodiment, the rotary table rotates continuously. [0008] In another aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for fabricating a three-dimensional object from a representation of the object stored in memory. The apparatus includes a generally circular build table for receiving successive layers of a build material and an array having at least one printhead disposed above the build table and movable relative to the build table. In one embodiment, the generally circular build table is movable in a vertical direction. In various embodiments, the printhead is movable over at least a portion of a build surface defined by the generally circular build table and the printhead can move continuously about the build table. In one embodiment, the array is configured to dispense fluid at substantially any radial location of the build table by moving the array radially to the desired location. [0009] In yet another aspect, the invention relates to a method of fabricating a three-dimensional object. The method includes the steps of depositing successive layers of a build material on a rotary build table and depositing a liquid in a predetermined pattern on each successive layer of the build material to form the three-dimensional object. In various embodiments, the method includes the steps of: rotating the build table continuously, distributing the build material over at least a portion of the build table with a spreader, measuring an amount of excess build material deposited on the build table, and adjusting the amount of build material deposited on the build table based on the amount of excess build material measured. Additionally, the liquid can be deposited by an array of one or more printheads. [0010] In still another aspect, the invention relates to a method of fabricating a three-dimensional object. The method includes the steps of depositing successive layers of a build material on a generally circular build table and depositing a liquid in a predetermined pattern on each successive layer of the build material to form the three-dimensional object. In various embodiments, the liquid is deposited by an array of at least one printhead and the printhead is movable over at least a portion of a build surface defined by the generally circular build table. In addition, the printhead can move continuously about the build table and the build table can move in a vertical direction. [0011] In various embodiments of the foregoing aspects, the apparatus includes a build material delivery system. The system includes a storage means for holding the build material and a conveying means for delivering the build material to the build table. In one embodiment, the storage means includes at least two storage chambers for holding at least two build material components separate from each other and the system further includes a blender for mixing the build material components in a predetermined ratio for delivery to the build table. In addition, the apparatus can include a spreader for distributing the build material over at least a portion of the build table. The spreader can be a counter-rotating roller, and the counter-rotating roller can be skewed with respect to a radius of the rotary build table to induce excess build material to migrate over an edge of the build table. [0012] In additional embodiments, the apparatus can include a sensor disposed below an edge of the build table to detect an amount of the excess build material. An amount of build material delivered to the build table can be adjusted in response to the amount of excess build material detected. In one embodiment, the sensor can automatically monitor printhead condition, and the apparatus can automatically modify its operation in response to a signal from the sensor. In one example, printhead cleaning is initiated if print quality is inadequate. In another example, the apparatus can utilize the redundant printheads in areas where the printing coverage is inadequate. [0013] In other embodiments, the array can include a plurality of printheads disposed above the build table. In one embodiment, the array is configured to dispense fluid at substantially any radial location of the rotary build table without adjustment. In another embodiment, the array prints an entire surface of the build table by continuous consecutive radial scanning motions. In addition, the array can be adjusted incrementally radially and/or can be displaced from a normal printing position for servicing. Further, the array can be displaced radially with respect to the rotary build table. The array can include redundant printheads. [0014] In further embodiments, the apparatus defines an opening for removing the three-dimensional object. In one embodiment, the three-dimensional object is removed through a top opening of the build table. Additionally, the apparatus can include a sensor to monitor at least one performance characteristic of the apparatus, such as print quality, printing errors, print speed, printhead condition, build material quantity, and table position. In one embodiment, the array is movable in response to a signal from the sensor. The apparatus can also include a plurality of rotary build tables. [0015] In still other embodiments, the invention can include methods and apparatus for cleaning the printheads of the apparatus. Methods of cleaning the printhead can include wiping the printhead with a roller including a cleaning fluid, drawing a vibrating member across the printhead, drawing a cleaning fluid across the printhead by capillary action through a wick, and/or combinations thereof. In addition, the methods can include optionally the step of applying a vacuum to the printhead to remove debris. The apparatus for cleaning a printhead used in a 3D printer can include a wick disposed adjacent the printhead for drawing a cleaning fluid across the printhead. [0016] In another aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for cleaning a printhead used in a 3D printer. The pressure in the interior of a printhead is typically lower than atmospheric pressure. This negative pressure is balanced by the surface tension of the meniscuses that form over the outlets of the printhead nozzles. It is desirable to flush the accumulated powder off the face of the printhead with a clean wash solution without allowing the solution to be drawn into the printhead when the meniscuses are destroyed. This goal is achieved in this apparatus by maintaining an environment outside the printhead in which the pressure is lower than the pressure inside the head. In addition, this induced pressure differential causes binder to flow out of the heads through the nozzles, flushing out any powder that may have lodged in the nozzle passageways. The apparatus includes a base, a cam track disposed within the base, a cap carrier slidably engaged with the cam track, and a sealing cap defining a cavity and disposed on the carrier. The cap being transportable into engagement with the face of the printhead by the carrier. In various embodiments the apparatus includes a cleaning fluid source in communication with the cap for cleaning the printhead face and a vacuum source in communication with the cap for removing used wash fluid and debris. [0017] In further embodiments, the apparatus can also include a spring coupled to the carrier and the base to bias the carrier into a receiving position for receiving the printhead. In one embodiment, the carrier includes a stop disposed on a distal end of the carrier for engaging the printhead as the printhead enters the apparatus. The printhead slides the carrier rearward along the cam track after engaging the stop and until the printhead face and cap sealably engage. In a further embodiment, the apparatus includes a latch pawl coupled to the base for engaging with the carrier to prevent forward movement of the carrier and a squeegee disposed on a proximal end of the carrier. The squeegee is positioned to engage the printhead face as the printhead exits the apparatus. [0018] In still another aspect, the invention relates to a method of cleaning a printhead used in a 3D printer. The method includes the step of receiving the printhead within an apparatus that includes a base, a cam track disposed within the base, a cap carrier slidably engaged with the cam track, and a sealing cap defining a cavity and disposed on the carrier. Additional steps include engaging the face of the printhead with the cap, drawing a vacuum on the cavity, and introducing a cleaning fluid into the cavity and into contact with the printhead face. In one embodiment, the method includes the step of removing the cleaning fluid from the cavity. The method can further include disengaging the cap from the printing surface and wiping the printing surface with a squeegee as the printhead is withdrawn from the apparatus. [0019] In another aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus for cleaning or reconditioning a printhead. The apparatus includes a nozzle array for spraying a washing solution towards a face of a printhead and a wicking member disposed in proximity to the printhead face for removing excess washing solution from the printhead face. [0020] In various embodiments, the nozzle array includes one or more individual nozzles. The wicking member and the printhead are capable of relative movement. A fluid source can also be included in the apparatus for providing washing solution to the nozzle array under pressure. In another embodiment, the wicking member includes at least one of a permeable material and an impermeable material. Continue reading... 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