Amplifiers inventions 04/09

20090108929 - Apparatuses and methods for providing offset compensation for operational amplifier: Apparatuses and methods for providing offset compensation include a primary amplifier which includes a first output, a second output, a first load input, and a second load input, a first feedback loop connected to the primary amplifier and which includes a first switch located between the first output of the... Agent: Dickstein Shapiro LLP

20090108930 - High power commutating multiple output amplifier system: An amplifier system includes a power divider for dividing an input RF signal into M RF signals of equal power and phase. The system has M low power selectable phase shifters each for phase shifting one of the M RF signals. M high power amplifiers are coupled to respective ones... Agent: Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP (raytheon Sas)

20090108931 - Programmable gain circuit: A programmable gain circuit suitable for a programmable gain amplifier is described. In one design, the programmable gain circuit includes multiple attenuation circuits coupled in series. Each attenuation circuit operates in a first mode or a second mode, attenuates an input signal in the first mode, and passes the input... Agent: Qualcomm Incorporated

20090108932 - Signal generating apparatus and class-d amplifying apparatus: A signal generating apparatus includes: a data generator which generates a data series in which first, second, third and fourth data are arranged at a sampling period; a first signal generator which generates a first pulse-width modulation signal in which a pulse is arranged in a pulse period longer than... Agent: Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP

20090108933 - Compensation for amplifiers driving a capacitive load: This disclosure relates to load compensating multi-stage amplifier structures at an output of one of the amplifier stages.... Agent: Lee & Hayes, PLLC

20090108934 - Differential amplifier system: One embodiment of the invention includes a differential amplifier circuit. A first input stage generates first and second control voltages in response to a differential input signal. A second input stage generates third and fourth control voltages in response to the differential input signal. The first and second control voltages... Agent: Texas Instruments Incorporated

20090108935 - Variable gain amplifier including series-coupled cascode amplifiers: A variable gain amplifier to convert an amplifier input voltage to an amplifier output voltage, the variable gain amplifier includes: a plurality of cascode amplifiers coupled in series; a plurality of switching transistor pair circuits coupled in series; and a bias circuit coupled to provide bias voltages to each of... Agent: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner LLP

20090108936 - Combination trim and cmfb circuit and method for differential amplifiers: A differential amplifier (10-1,2) includes an input stage (7) including first (M1) and second (M2) input transistors and first (4A) and second (4B) load devices. Sources of the first and second input transistors are connected together. Drains of the first and second input transistors are coupled by first (12) and... Agent: Texas Instruments Incorporated

20090108937 - Low noise amplifier and differential amplifier: In a double-loop negative feedback low noise amplifier having double negative feedback paths by a feedback transformer and a feedback resistor added to a cascode amplifier comprising transistors and a resistor, a phase compensation circuit comprising a capacitor and a resistor is added between the output terminal of the double-loop... Agent: Baker & Mckenzie LLP Patent Department

20090108938 - Circuit and method for dynamic current compensation: An operational amplifier includes a first stage and a second stage, the first stage for receiving two input signals and the second stage being coupled to the first stage, wherein the second stage includes a first part with a first output of the operational amplifier, and a second part with... Agent: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner LLP

20090108939 - Amplifying apparatus and bias stabilization circuit: An amplifying apparatus including an amplifier having a first FET, a second FET having a source connected to a drain of the first FET, a load resistance connected to a drain of the second FET, a first bias circuit configured to supply a first bias voltage to a gate of... Agent: Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP

20090108940 - Amplifier: An amplifier comprises an input terminal that inputs an AC voltage signal; an amplifying unit having a transistor for amplifying the input AC voltage signal; a current detecting unit connected internally of said amplifying unit; and a control-current source controlled by said current detecting unit that drives an input stage... Agent: Mcginn Intellectual Property Law Group, PLLC

20090108941 - Transconductance compensating bias circuit and amplifier: A transconductance compensating bias circuit is disclosed that includes a first field-effect transistor (FET) having a first electrode, a second electrode, and a gate connected to the first electrode, wherein a reference current flows through the first and second electrodes; a second FET having a first electrode, a second electrode,... Agent: Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP

20090108942 - Low noise, low power and high bandwidth capacitive feedback trans-impedance amplifier with differential fet input and bipolar emitter follower feedback: A differential amplifier topology includes circuitry to create a higher bandwidth output using less current than an existing Capacitive Trans-Impedance Amplifier (CTIA) using an all Field Effect Transistor (FET) circuit design. A bipolar npn emitter follower in the circuit topology provides low output impedance and some degree of output inductive... Agent: Raytheon Company, Intellectual Property

20090108943 - Low noise amplifier: A low-noise amplifier circuit to convert a single-ended input into a dual-ended output includes an input transconductance stage circuit, including a first MOS transistor coupled in parallel with a second MOS transistor; a current buffer circuit, including a third MOS transistor coupled in parallel with a fourth MOS transistor; each... Agent: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner LLP

20090108944 - Low-noise amplifier circuit including band-stop filter: A low-noise amplifier circuit includes a MOS transistor in a common gate amplifier configuration. A single-ended input is at a source of the MOS transistor. A resonant cavity filter circuit is coupled to a gate of the MOS transistor.... Agent: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner LLP

20090102550 - Audio signal amplifier circuit with a mute function: An integrator generates analog voltage in a manner that in an active state a duty ratio of an output signal of an class D amplifier is brought close to a duty ratio defined by an analog audio signal. A first mute circuit forcibly turns on the class D amplifier in... Agent: Cantor Colburn, LLP

20090102549 - Digital pulse width modulated feedback system for a switching amplifier and method therefor: A switching amplifier includes a power stage, a low pass filter, a combining circuit, and a feedback correction circuit. The power stage has an input terminal and an output terminal. The low pass filter has an input terminal coupled to the output terminal of the power stage, and an output... Agent: Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Law Department

20090102551 - Operational amplifier with improved current monitoring and scalable output: A low-power, low-voltage feedback class AB operational amplifier is disclosed. The minimum supply voltage is one gate-source voltage and two saturation voltages. Currents on the output p-type and n-type transistors are monitored as part of the feedback loop control. Accurate monitoring is achieved by connecting current monitors directly to the... Agent: Wolf Greenfield & Sacks, P.C.

20090102552 - Semiconductor integrated circuit with variable gain amplifier: The variable gain amplifier includes a bias circuit (BC) 1, a matching circuit (MC) 2, a variable gain resistive feedback amplifier (FA) 3 and an output follower (EA) 4. The resistance values of the load resistance Rc and feedback resistance Rf are changed in cooperation. In a case of making... Agent: Miles & Stockbridge PC

20090102553 - Doherty amplifier: The present invention relates to the construction of output stage of the Doherty amplifier and comprises a main amplifying unit, an auxiliary amplifying unit and a compact λ/4 line connecting two amplifying units. The compact λ/4 line connecting two amplifying units includes a first parallel capacitor grounded by being connected... Agent: LexyoumeIPGroup, LLC

20090102554 - Output networks in combination with linc technique: The present invention relates to balanced power amplifier network in combination with outphasing techniques such as Chireix. The object of the present invention is to provide a solution to the problem to combine balanced amplifiers like the current mode class D (CMCD) or class E/F with a LINC network. The... Agent: Ericsson Inc.

20090102555 - Automatic gain control (agc) with lock detection: A method, algorithm, circuits, and/or systems for automatic gain control (AGC) are disclosed. In one embodiment, an AGC circuit can include a comparator configured to compare an output of an amplifier against a reference voltage, gain logic configured to decrease a gain of the amplifier when an output of the... Agent: Epson Research And Development Inc Intellectual Property Dept

20090102556 - Class d amplifier: A Class D amplifier includes a ramp generator that generates a ramp signal and an inverted ramp signal. A signal generator generates first, second, third and fourth signals by comparing the ramp and inverted ramp signals to an input signal. A frequency of the ramp signal is approximately two orders... Agent: Harness, Dickey & Pierce P.L.C

20090102557 - Class d amplifier: The invention is directed to a class D amplifier. According to the class D amplifier, sound data applied to an input terminal is supplied through a compensation circuit to a PWM circuit, from which a PWM signal is output. The PWM signal is converted to an analog signal through a... Agent: Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP

20090102558 - Operational amplifier: An operational amplifier includes a first differential stage, a second differential stage, a second cascade amplifier stage, an output unit, a first switching control unit and a second switching control unit. When an external signal for stopping operation is input, the first switching control unit shuts off a connection between... Agent: Dickstein Shapiro LLP

20090102559 - Monotonic variable gain amplifier and an automatic gain control circuit: A monotonic variable gain amplifier which can be controlled to achieve a desired gain. The amplifier has: —at least two amplifier stages (41-45) connected in parallel between input and output terminals, each amplifier stage including: * a fixed gain transconductance amplifier (100, 102) through which a bias current (Ibi) flows... Agent: Nxp, B.v. Nxp Intellectual Property Department

20090102560 - Slew-enhanced input stages and amplifiers: Provided herein are input stages, and operation amplifiers including input stages. In an embodiment, an input stage includes a complimentary differential input transconductor, first and second npn-pnp current mirrors, and first and second pnp-npn current mirrors. The complimentary differential input transconductor includes a pair of differential inputs that accept a... Agent: Fliesler Meyer LLP

20090102561 - Amplifier having an output protection, in particular operational amplifier for audio application: An amplifier with an output protection having an input stage defining a feedback node, an output stage connected to the feedback node and defining an output node supplying an output voltage, and a feedback stage connected between the output and the feedback nodes. A mirror stage is connected to the... Agent: Stmicroelectronics Inc. C/o Wolf, Greenfield & Sacks, P.C.

20090102562 - Cross-coupled low noise amplifier for cellular applications: Cross-coupled low noise amplifier for cellular applications. A circuitry implementation that includes two pairs of metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) (either N-type of P-type) operates as an LNA, which can be used within any of a wide variety of communication devices. In one embodiment, this design is particularly adaptable... Agent: Garlick Harrison & Markison

20090102563 - Transimpedance amplifier: The present invention solves characteristic deterioration caused by peaking and a ground inductance, and provides a transimpedance amplifier capable of achieving a higher gain and a wider band. For this purpose, the transimpedance amplifier is configured to include a feedback circuit having two or more extreme frequencies and having a... Agent: Foley And Lardner LLP Suite 500

20090096522 - Amplifier circuit: An amplifier circuit easily suppresses an intermodulation distortion signal incident to amplification. An input signal is class A amplified to be times stronger on a path of a first amplifier 102, resulting in an input signal component F1 and F2 of power F, and intermodulation distortion signal components (2F1-F2)... Agent: Snell & Wilmer LLP (oc)

20090096521 - Power amplifier predistortion methods and apparatus using envelope and phase detector: An embodiment of the invention is a predistortion approach to linearize a power amplifier without frequency conversion of the RF signals by using envelope and phase detectors to detect the error to be corrected, and then one or more analog multiplier(s) and a DSP-based processor. For the analog embodiment, the... Agent: Law Offices Of James E. Eakin

20090096523 - Differential amplification circuit: A differential amplification circuit is constituted of a differential transistor pair including a pair of n-channel MOS transistors whose sources are connected together, a constant current source circuit which is connected to the sources of the differential transistor pair, a current-mirror load circuit including a pair of p-channel MOS transistors... Agent: Foley And Lardner LLP Suite 500

20090096524 - Differential amplification circuit and manufacturing method thereof: A differential amplification circuit and a method corrects an offset voltage derived from a variance in resistances. With first and second input terminals brought to the same potential and set to a potential different from a reference potential, the resistance value of resistors is adjusted so that an output potential... Agent: Posz Law Group, PLC

20090096527 - Automatic gain control circuit and low noise amplifying circuit: By connecting an antenna damping circuit (4) and a bypass switch (5) in series and connecting the series circuit and an LNA (3) in parallel, it is possible to inhibit a generation of a signal path for connecting the bypass switch (5) to the LNA (3) in series in an... Agent: Connolly Bove Lodge & Hutz LLP

20090096526 - Cascoded circuit: A cascoded current-mirror circuit includes a first N channel MOS transistor, a second N channel MOS transistor, a third N channel MOS transistor and a fourth N channel MOS transistor. The first N channel MOS transistor and the second N channel MOS transistor are cascode-connected between a higher voltage source... Agent: Foley And Lardner LLP Suite 500

20090096525 - Power amplifier: Methods to implement power control in a digital power amplifier are described.... Agent: Texas Instruments Incorporated

20090096528 - Agc circuit: There is provided an AGC circuit that has a very small offset voltage and is easy for integration, without using any of external capacities. For that reason, a variable gain amplifying circuit (GCA1) which has a gain controlled by a gain control signal, and whose output DC offset is controlled... Agent: Dickinson Wright PLLC James E. Ledbetter, Esq.

20090096529 - High-frequency power amplifier: Amplification transistors respectively amplify an input signal. The output terminals of the amplification transistors are connected in series through respective transmission lines. A harmonic processing circuit is connected to an end of the array of collectors (output terminals) of the amplification transistors. The harmonic processing circuit suppresses harmonics included in... Agent: Leydig Voit & Mayer, Ltd

20090096530 - Solid state rf power amplifier: A power amplifier (power amplifier) having multiple solid state sub-amplifiers connected in parallel between the power amplifier input and the power amplifier output are described. The signal input to the power amplifier is provided to an RF splitter connected between the power amplifier input connector and the input of each... Agent: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear LLP

20090096531 - Rf power amplifier apparatus and power supply circuit for controlling-power supply voltage to rf power amplifier: The RF power amplifier apparatus has an RF power amplifier RFPA and a power-supply circuit Pwr_Cnt. The power-supply circuit controls the level of a source voltage VLDO supplied to the RF power amplifier in response to the level of a power-control signal Vapc. The sensing resistance Rsen produces a sense... Agent: Mattingly, Stanger, Malur & Brundidge, P.C.

20090096532 - Differential amplifier with single ended output: Various embodiments for converting a differential signal to a single ended signal are disclosed. The embodiments comprise a transistor pair for receiving a differential signal; and a tank circuit coupled to the transistor pair. The tank circuit includes a first inductor and one or more capacitors. The embodiments also include... Agent: Schwegman, Lundberg & Woessner / Atmel

20090096533 - Adaptively tuned rf power amplifier: An adaptively tuned RF power amplifier includes at least one power amplifier stage that has one or more active elements. A tunable output network is coupled to the power amplifier stage and includes one or more adjustable reactive elements. A mismatch detector detects a tuning mismatch based, at least in... Agent: Zagorin O'brien Graham LLP

20090091381 - Gain control device: The present invention aims to suppress degradation of a reception characteristic even in such an environment that the signal strength of an inputted analog signal varies due to a variation in a received electric field. A controller acquires characteristic information showing each gain characteristic indicative of a relationship between the... Agent: Volentine & Whitt PLLC

20090091382 - Audio signal processing system and method: An audio signal processing system and method is disclosed. In a particular embodiment, the audio signal processing system includes a first electrical path responsive to a power supply of an audio amplifier. The first electrical path can include a low pass filter to filter a direct current (DC) component of... Agent: Toler Law Group (freescale)

20090091383 - Gain amplifier having switched-capacitor structure for minimizing settling time: Provided is a gain amplifier having a switched-capacitor structure capable of minimizing settling time, in which an input capacitor is connected to an input terminal during a first clock sampling an input signal, and thus an output terminal of the amplifier is reset in advance to an estimated output voltage... Agent: Ampacc Law Group

20090091384 - Systems and methods of rf power transmission, modulation and amplification: Methods and systems for vector combining power amplification are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a plurality of signals are individually amplified, then summed to form a desired time-varying complex envelope signal. Phase and/or frequency characteristics of one or more of the signals are controlled to provide the desired phase, frequency,... Agent: Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein & Fox P.l.l.c.

20090091386 - Differential amplifier: A differential amplifier includes: a constant current source; first and second field effect transistors whose respective gates are imparted with positive-phase and negative-phase input signals and whose sources commonly connected to each other, the constant current source being connected to a common node of the sources; first and second loads... Agent: Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP

20090091385 - Differential amplifier circuit: A differential amplifier circuit of simple circuit configuration is disclosed, which is capable of releasing an output signal within a voltage range independent of the voltage range of a differential input signal. The differential amplifier circuit 1 includes: NMOS transistors N1, N2 that constitute a first differential pair configured to... Agent: Arent Fox LLP

20090091387 - Switched-capacitor variable gain amplifier having high voltage gain linearity: Provided is a switched-capacitor variable gain amplifier having high voltage gain linearity. According to the above amplifier, a sampling capacitor is shared and used at a sampling phase and an amplification phase, and thus a voltage gain error caused by capacitor mismatch can be reduced. Also, using a unit capacitor... Agent: Ampacc Law Group

20090091388 - Apparatus for slew rate enhancement of an operational amplifier: The present invention discloses an apparatus for slew rate enhancement of an operational amplifier, wherein an auxiliary control device and an auxiliary output device are added to the output stage of an operational amplifier. The auxiliary control device mirrors the current of the output stage and then compares the mirrored... Agent: Joe Mckinney Muncy

20090091389 - Lvds receiver circuit: The LVDS receiver circuit comprises a differential-input transistor pair, a control transistor pair, a current-mirror-load circuit, a first feedback inverter and a second feedback inverter. The first feedback inverter, the second feedback inverter and the control transistor pair constitute a feedback loop. The voltage change of the input voltage of... Agent: Connolly Bove Lodge & Hutz LLP

20090091390 - Programmable-gain amplifier systems to facilitate low-noise, low-distortion volume control: Programmable-gain amplifier systems are provided that are particularly suited for reducing degrading audio effects such as zipper noise. In one embodiment, these systems switchably couple an electronic potentiometer between an amplifier's inverting input terminal and interleaved tap points along a resistor that is coupled to the amplifier's output terminal. This... Agent: Koppel, Patrick & Heybl

20090091391 - Configurable feedback for an amplifier: An amplifier is disclosed that includes configurable feedback based on the output of a received signal strength indicator. The feedback may be increased for high received signal levels, and decreased for low received signal levels. In an embodiment, the configurable impedance may comprise a plurality of discrete impedance settings. Amplitude... Agent: Qualcomm Incorporated

20090091392 - Bias circuit for the wireless transceiver: A bias circuit for the wireless transceiver is disclosed, which can be used for modulating the gain of the amplifier. The bias circuit comprises a first stage bias unit for receiving a constant current, a control voltage, and a first reference voltage and outputting a first outputting current, wherein the... Agent: Muncy, Geissler, Olds & Lowe, PLLC

20090091393 - Dual-path current amplifier: A dual-path current amplifier having a slow high-gain path and a fast low-gain path is described. In one design, the slow high-gain path is implemented with a positive feedback loop and has a gain of greater than one and a bandwidth determined by a pole. The fast low-gain path has... Agent: Qualcomm Incorporated

20090091394 - Device to generate a modulated electrical radio-frequency signal for a magnetic resonance application: A device for generation a modulated electrical radio-frequency signal for a magnetic resonance application has a phase modulator that generates a phase-modulated radio-frequency base signal, an amplitude modulator that generates an amplitude-modulated supply voltage, and a non-linear transmission output stage that, to supply the radio-frequency base signal, is connected via... Agent: Schiff Hardin, LLP Patent Department

20090085657 - Compensation of field effect on polycrystalline resistors: A resistive circuit includes a first terminal and a second terminal and polycrystalline first and second resistive segments coupled between the first and second terminals. A third terminal A is coupled to the first resistive segment, and a third terminal B is coupled to the second resistive segment. The third... Agent: Dillon & Yuell LLP

20090085658 - Analog power amplifier predistortion methods and apparatus: An embodiment of the invention is a predistortion approach to linearize a power amplifier by using one or more analog multiplier(s) and a DSP-based processor. For the analog embodiment, the inherent nature of the analog circuitries allows digital predistortion processing structured directly at the RF band, and enables a single... Agent: Law Offices Of James E. Eakin

20090085659 - Differential amplifier: An amplifier comprising an analog amplifier which outputs a first current and a second current. The amplifier also comprises a first digital amplifier coupled to the analog amplifier, the first digital amplifier amplifies a modified version of the first current to produce a third current. The amplifier also comprises a... Agent: Texas Instruments Incorporated

20090085660 - Agc module and method for controlling noise figure and intermodulation characteristics therein: An Automatic Gain Control (AGC) module for controlling Noise Figure (NF) and IM characteristics therein is disclosed. The AGC module comprises a plurality of AGC stages. Each AGC stage comprises a differential amplifier circuit, an input signal transistor and a current-steering circuit. Differential amplifier circuits of the plurality of AGC... Agent: Grossman, Tucker, Perreault & Pfleger, PLLC C/o Intellevate, LLC

20090085661 - Methods and apparatus for process invariant transconductance: In one aspect, a resistor process invariant transconductor is provided. The transconductor comprises a voltage input configured to receive at least one voltage signal, a current output configured to provide at least one current signal, wherein a ratio between the at least one voltage signal and the least one current... Agent: Wolf Greenfield & Sacks, P.C.

20090085662 - Common mode voltage extraction circuit: Consistent with the present invention, there is provided a circuit for extracting a common mode voltage of an input signal. The device may include an operational amplifier having an output, at least one negative input and at least one positive input, a first transistor, and a second transistor. A terminal... Agent: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner LLP

20090085663 - Transconductor having high linearity and programmable gain and mixer using the same: A mixer having high linearity and an associated transconductor combining programmable gain amplifier and mixer functions are provided. The transconductor includes first and second resistors, a differential amplifier, first and second feedback circuits, and first and second transistors. A differential voltage signal is inputted to first and second input ends... Agent: Edell, Shapiro & Finnan, LLC

20090085664 - Power amplifier having an adaptive amplifying mechanism: By making use of two common-source amplifying units having a shared DC bias in conjunction with two current units or an extra amplifying unit, a power amplifier is capable of providing a high output power in a high power-gain operation and achieving a low power biasing consumption in a low... Agent: North America Intellectual Property Corporation

20090085665 - Variable gain amplifying device: A variable gain amplifying device that amplifies an input signal and outputs the amplified signal, has a controlling circuit that controls the gain by controlling turning on and off of first MOS transistors and third MOS transistors so that the sum of the number of first MOS transistors turned on... Agent: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland Maier & Neustadt, P.C.

20090085666 - Rf amplifying device: When an output electrode of a power transistor in the final amplifying stage is coupled to a transmission line transformer TLT serving as an impedance matching circuit, a condition for impedance matching of the transmission line transformer is maintained. An RF amplifying device comprises a transmission line transformer coupled to... Agent: Miles & Stockbridge PC

20090085668 - Inductor sharing in radio frequency communications: Two or more low noise amplifiers are configured to amplify received radio frequency input signals and one or more shared load or source degeneration inductors are configured to be used for each of the two or more low noise amplifiers. Further, the one or more shared inductors can be configured... Agent: Fish & Richardson P.C.

20090085667 - Inverted doherty amplifier with increased off-state impedence: An amplifier that amplifies an input signal and provides the amplified signal to a load at a summing junction that has a first impedance value. The amplifier includes a splitter network receiving the input signal and providing a phase delayed signal and an undelayed signal; a carrier amplifier path amplifying... Agent: Motorola, Inc.

20090085669 - Method and apparatus to enhance linearity and efficiency in an rf power amplifier: Dynamic biasing techniques are used to enhance both linearity and efficiency within a transistor power amplifier. In at least one embodiment, as the power level being processed by a transistor increases toward a saturation point, a transistor is moved from class B or class AB operation toward class A operation.... Agent: The Law Offices Of John C. Scott, LLC C/o Intellevele, LLC

20090085671 - Load inductor sharing: Sharing one or more load inductors comprises receiving a first input signal at a first terminal of a first amplifier and amplifying the first input signal using the first amplifier. The first amplifier is coupled to one or more load inductors at a second terminal of the first amplifier and... Agent: Fish & Richardson P.C.

20090085670 - Multiband output impedance matching circuit having passive devices, amplifier including multiband input impedance matching circuit having passive devices, and amplifier including multiband input/output impedance matching circuit having passive devices: Disclosed are a multiband output impedance matching circuit having passive devices, an amplifier including a multiband input impedance matching circuit having passive devices, and an amplifier including a multiband input/output impedance matching circuit having passive devices, which can be miniaturized without a separate output terminal buffer and reduce current consumption... Agent: Lowe Hauptman Ham & Berner, LLP