Light control film   

Abstract: Disclosed is a light control film comprising: two of transparent conductive resin substrates each having a transparent conductive layer and a transparent resin substrate; and a light control layer interposed between the two transparent conductive resin substrates to be in contact with the transparent conductive layer sides, the light control layer containing: a resin matrix; and a light control suspension dispersed in the resin matrix, wherein the transparent conductive layer contains: an organic binder resin; and a conductive polymer. The present invention can provide a light control film having satisfactory adhesiveness between the light control layer and the transparent conductive layer and having excellent radio wave transparency.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a light control film having a light control function.

BACKGROUND ART

A light control glass containing a light control suspension was first invented by Edwin Land, and the light control glass is in the form of a structure in which a liquid-state light control suspension is inserted between two of transparent conductive substrates having a narrow gap therebetween (see, for example, Patent Documents 1 and 2). According to the invention by Edwin land, the liquid-state light control suspension inserted between the two transparent conductive substrates is such that when an electric field is not applied, as a result of the Brownian motion of light control particles that are dispersed in the suspension, most of the incident light rays are reflected, scattered or absorbed by the light control particles, and only a very small portion is transmitted.

That is, the extent of transmission, reflection, scattering or absorption can be determined on the basis of the shape, nature and concentration of the light control particles dispersed in the light control suspension, and the amount of light energy irradiated. When an electric field is applied to a light control window which uses a light control glass having the above-described structure, an electric field is formed in the light control suspension through the transparent conductive substrates, and the light control particles that exhibit a light control function cause polarization and are arranged in parallel to the electric field. Then, light is transmitted between light control particles, and eventually, the light control glass becomes transparent. However, such an initial light control apparatus had problems in practical use, such as the aggregation of the light control particles inside the light control suspension, sedimentation due to their own weights, color phase change due to heat, changes in the optical density, deterioration caused by ultraviolet ray irradiation, difficulties in keeping up the gap between the substrates and in the injection of the light control suspension into the gap, and others. Accordingly, it was difficult to put the light control apparatus to practical use.

Robert L. Saxe, F. C. Lowell, and R. I. Thompson have respectively disclosed light control windows making use of light control glasses for which the initial problems of light control windows, namely, the aggregation and sedimentation of light control particles, changes in the optical density, and the like have been compensated (see, for example, Patent Documents 3 to 9). In these patented inventions, those initial problems are solved by using a liquid-state light control suspension, which includes needle-shaped light control crystal particles, a suspending agent for dispersing crystal particles, a dispersion control agent, a stabilizer and the like, and preventing the sedimentation of light control particles by matching the densities of the light control particles and the suspending agent to be almost equal, while preventing the aggregation of the light control particles by adding a dispersion control agent to increase the dispersibility of the light control particles.

However, since even these light control glasses also have a structure in which a liquid light control suspension is encapsulated in a gap between two transparent conductive substrates as in the case of conventional light control glasses, there is a problem that, in the case of the manufacture of large-sized products, uniform encapsulation of the suspension in the gap between the two transparent conductive substrates is difficult, and a swelling phenomenon in the lower part is likely to occur due to the difference in the hydraulic pressure between the upper part and the lower part of the product. Furthermore, when the gap between the substrates is changed due to the external environment, for example, the pressure of wind, the optical density is changed as a result, so that the color phase becomes inhomogeneous, Further, there is a problem that the sealing material in the peripheral area for holding a liquid between the transparent conductive substrates is destroyed, and the light control material leaks out. In addition, unevenness occurs in the response time as a result of deterioration by ultraviolet ray, and a decrease in the voltage between the peripheral areas and the center of the transparent conductive substrates.

As a method of improving this, there has been suggested a method of mixing a liquid light control suspension with a solution of a curable polymer resin, and producing a film by using a phase separation method based on polymerization, a phase separation method based on solvent volatilization, a phase separation method based on temperature, or the like (see, for example, Patent Document 10).

Furthermore, in a space surrounded by the light control glasses used heretofore, since the transparent conductive resin substrates used in the glasses have small surface resistivity and low radio wave transparency, there is a problem that television sets, mobile telephones, remote control devices utilizing radio waves, and the like may not function adequately.

Patent Literature 1: U.S. Pat. No. 1,955,923 Patent Literature 2: U.S. Pat. No. 1,963,496 Patent Literature 3: U.S. Pat. No. 3,756,700 Patent Literature 4: U.S. Pat. No. 4,247,175 Patent Literature 5: U.S. Pat. No. 4,273,422 Patent Literature 6: U.S. Pat. No. 4,407,565 Patent Literature 7: U.S. Pat. No. 4,422,963 Patent Literature 8: U.S. Pat. No. 3,912,365 Patent Literature 9: U.S. Pat. No. 4,078,856 Patent Literature 10: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. 2002-189123

SUMMARY

The present invention relates to a light control film used in the windowpanes or the like for use in vehicles such as automobiles, or in construction.

The transparent conductive layer of light control films used in the windowpanes for use in vehicles such as automobiles, trains and airplanes or use in construction, is a transparent conductive layer having low electrical resistance. Since low electrical resistance is simultaneously accompanied by high radio wave reflectivity, there is a problem that television sets, mobile telephones, remote control devices utilizing radio waves, and the like do not function adequately when these have been brought into a car or into a room.

Furthermore, there is also a problem with the adhesiveness between the transparent resin substrate and the transparent conductive layer of the transparent conductive resin substrate.

The inventors of the present invention conducted a thorough investigation, and as a result, they found that the problems described above could be solved by adopting a configuration in which a conductive polymer is incorporated in an organic binder, for the transparent conductive layer of the transparent conductive resin substrate.

Specifically, the present invention provides the following.

(1) A light control film comprising: two of transparent conductive resin substrates each having a transparent conductive layer and a transparent resin substrate; and a light control layer interposed between the two transparent conductive resin substrates to be in contact with the transparent conductive layer sides, the light control layer containing: a resin matrix; and alight control suspension dispersed in the resin matrix,

wherein the transparent conductive layer contains: an organic binder resin; and a conductive polymer.

(2) The light control film as described in the above item (1), wherein the conductive polymer is at least one selected from the group consisting of a polythiophene derivative, a polyaniline derivative, and a polypyrrole derivative.

(3) The light control film as described in the above item (1) or (2), wherein the conductive polymer is a resin obtainable by curing a polymerizable monomer or a polymerizable oligomer with heat or light.

(4) The light control film as described in any one of the above items (1) to (3), wherein the entirety or a portion of the organic binder resin is composed of (meth)acrylate containing a hydroxyl group.

(5) The light control film as described in any one of the above items (1) to (4), wherein the entirety or a portion of the organic binder resin is composed of urethane acrylate containing a pentaerythritol skeleton.

(6) The light control film as described in any one of the above items (1) to (5), wherein the transparent conductive layer has a surface resistivity value of 1000Ω/□ or greater.

(7) The light control film as described in any one of the above items (1) to (6), wherein the radio wave shielding property in the frequency region of 500 MHz or higher is 5 dB or less.

The light control film of the present invention has excellent radio wave transparency, so that even inside a space surrounded by the light control film, television sets, mobile telephones, remote control devices utilizing radio waves, and the like can be made to function adequately. Furthermore, when a particular organic binder resin is used, the adhesiveness between the transparent resin substrate and the transparent conductive layer of the transparent conductive resin substrate can be made satisfactory.

The disclosure of the present application relates to the subject matters described Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-14191 filed on Jan. 26, 2010, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the cross-sectional structure of an embodiment of the light control film of the present invention.

FIG. 2 are each a schematic view for explaining the operation in the case when an electric field is not applied to the light control film in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 are each a schematic view for explaining the operation in the case when an electric field is applied to the light control film in FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a schematic view for explaining the state of an edge of the light control film. Illustration of light control particles 10 in liquid droplets 3 is omitted.

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the results for the measurement of the radio wave shielding effect in the frequency region of 1 kHz to 1 GHz (Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2).

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the results for the measurement of the radio wave shielding effect in the frequency region of 1 GHz to 18 GHz (Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Example 1).

The light control film of the present invention is a light control film wherein a light control layer containing: a resin matrix; and a light control suspension dispersed in the resin matrix, is interposed between two transparent conductive resin substrates to be in contact with a transparent conductive layer sides, and is characterized in that the transparent conductive layer contains: an organic binder resin; and a conductive polymer.

The light control film can be generally formed by using a light control material. The light control material according to the present invention contains: as a resin matrix, a polymeric medium which is cured when irradiated with an energy beam; and a light control suspension in which light control particles are dispersed in a dispersion medium in a flowable state. It is preferable that the dispersion medium in the light control suspension be capable of phase separation from the polymeric medium and a cured product thereof.

When the light control material is used, and a light control layer in which a light control suspension is dispersed in a resin matrix formed from a polymeric medium, is interposed between two transparent conductive resin substrates each having a transparent conductive layer containing: an organic binder resin; and a conductive polymer, to be in contact with the transparent conductive layer sides, the light control film of the present invention is obtainable.

That is, in the light control layer of the light control film of the present invention, the liquid light control suspension is dispersed in the form of fine liquid droplets inside a solid resin matrix which is a cured product of the polymeric medium. The light control particles that are contained in the light control suspension are preferably rod-shaped or needle-shaped.

When an electric field is applied to such a light control film, the light control particles having an electric dipole moment, which are suspended and dispersed in the liquid droplets of the light control suspension dispersed in the resin matrix, are arranged in parallel to the electric field. Thereby, the liquid droplets are converted to a transparent state with respect to the incident light rays, and thus the light control film transmits the incident light rays in astute in which scattering due to the viewing angle or a decrease in transparency is almost absent.

According to the present invention, when a configuration of incorporating an organic binder resin and a conductive polymer is adopted for the transparent conductive layer, the conventional problems of light control films (that is, the problems that inside a space surrounded by the light control film, television sets, mobile telephones, remote control devices utilizing radio waves, or the like do not function adequately, and the use of ETC is restricted, since the radio wave transparency is small) are solved.

According to the present invention, the surface resistivity of the transparent conductive layer is preferably 1000Ω/□ or greater, and more preferably 2000Ω/□ or greater. Furthermore, the radio wave shielding property of this light control film in the frequency region of 500 MHz or higher is preferably 5 dB or less, and more preferably 3 dB or less.

As long as the transparent conductive layer is such that if the surface resistivity is 1000Ω/□ or greater, there are no particular limitations on the material to be used. However, for example, it is preferable to use at least one selected from the group consisting of a polythiophene derivative, a polyaniline derivative, and a polypyrrole derivative, as the conductive polymer.

Furthermore, it is preferable to use a resin that is obtainable by curing a polymerizable monomer or a polymerizable oligomer with heat or light, as the organic binder resin. It is more preferable that the entirety or a portion of this organic binder resin be composed of (meth)acrylate containing a hydroxyl group or urethane acrylate containing a pentaerythritol skeleton.

The details of the adjustment of the surface resistivity will be described below,

Hereinafter, each layer configuration and the light control film will be described.

As the transparent conductive resin substrate used in the case of producing a light control film using the light control material according to the present invention, use can be made of a transparent conductive resin substrate which has a transparent resin substrate coated with a transparent conductive layer containing an organic binder resin and a conductive polymer, and having a combined light of the transparent resin substrate and the transparent conductive layer is 80% or greater. Meanwhile, the light transmittance can be measured according to the method for measuring the total light transmittance of JIS K7105.

First, the material used in the transparent conductive layer according to the present invention will be described.

The transparent conductive layer is such that there are no particular limitations on the material to be used, as long as the material contains an organic binder resin and a conductive polymer. However, examples of the material of the conductive polymer used in the transparent conductive layer include a polythiophene derivative, a polyaniline derivative, and a polypyrrole derivative, and at least one of these is used as the conductive polymer.

Specific examples of the material used as the conductive polymer include compounds represented by the following (formula a) to (formula d) (a polythiophene derivative, a polyaniline derivative 1, a polyaniline derivative 2, and a polypyrrole derivative), but the present invention is not intended to be limited to these examples.

Polythiophene Derivative

As the polythiophene derivative represented by the formula a, such a polymer having a structural unit represented by polystyrenesulfonic acid (the upper part of formula a) and having a weight average molecular weight in the range of 30,000 to 75,000 is preferred, and the poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (the lower part of formula a) is preferably such a polymer having 5- to 15-mers of the thiophene unit.

Examples of polythiophene derivatives that are represented by the (formula a) and are available include Clevios PH 1000: product name, manufactured by H.C. Starck GmbH (having a structural unit represented by polystyrenesulfonic acid (the upper part of formula a), weight average molecular weight: 40,000, thiophene unit: 5- to 10-mers), and Clesious S V3: product name, manufactured by H.C. Starck GmbH (having a structural unit represented by polystyrenesulfonic acid (the upper part of formula a), weight average molecular weight: 40,000, thiophene unit: 5- to 10-mers).

Polyaniline Derivative 1

A preferred example of the polyaniline derivative 1 represented by the above formula b may be such a polymer having a weight average molecular weight in the range of 15,000 to 100,000, with X being a dopant of a sulfonic acid compound.

Examples of the polyaniline derivatives 1 that are represented by the above formula b and are available, include NX-D103X: product name (X=sulfonic acid compound) and NW-F102ET: product name (X=sulfonic acid compound) manufactured by Ormecon GmbH.

Polyaniline Derivative 2

A preferred example of the polyaniline derivative 2 represented by the above formula c may be such a polymer having a weight average molecular weight in the range of 2,000 to 100,000, in which R is —OCH3.

Examples of the polyaniline derivatives 2 that are represented by the above formula c and are available include aquaPASS (registered trademark)-01x: product name, manufactured by Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd. (weight average molecular weight: 10,000, x=1 and y=1).

Polypyrrole Derivative

A preferred example of the polypyrrole derivative represented by the above formula d includes such a polymer having a weight average molecular weight in the range of 50,000 to 300,000.

Examples of the polypyrrole derivatives that are represented by the above formula d and are available include product name: SSPV manufactured by Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. (weight average molecular weight: 200,000).

Furthermore, according to the present invention, inorganic oxide conductive particles can also be used together, in addition to the conductive polymer. Examples of the inorganic oxide conductive particles include particles of ZnO, Ga-doped ZnO (GZO), Al-doped ZnO (AZO), F-doped ZnO (FZO), In-doped ZnO (IZO), Sa-doped ZnO (BZO), SnO2, In-doped SnO2 (ITO), Sb-doped SnO2 (ATO), and F-doped SnO2 (FTO). Alternatively, particles formed from mixtures of these substances may also be used. Furthermore, the present invention is not intended to be limited to these examples.

Furthermore, the conductive particles other than the conductive polymer that are used in the transparent conductive layer according to the present invention may also be metal carbon nanotubes (CNT).

The average particle size of the conductive particles used in combination with the conductive polymer is preferably within the range of 10 nm to 500 nm from the viewpoint transparency, and is more preferably within the range of 10 nm to 200 nm. If the average particle size is less than 10 nm, there are occasions in which dispersion of the conductive particles may become difficult.

The average particle size of the conductive particles is the particle size calculated from the specific surface area measured with a specific surface area measuring apparatus according to the BET method, using the following expression:

Average particle size (nm)=6000/(density [g/cm3]×specific surface area [m3/g])

As the conductive particles having an average particle size in the range described above, commercially available products may be appropriately selected.

As the entirety or a portion of the organic binder resin of the transparent conductive layer, materials of items (a) to (c) shown below can be used. Accordingly, the adhesiveness of the transparent conductive layer and the transparent resin substrate is improved.

(a) A material containing a (meth)acrylate containing a hydroxyl group in the molecule.

(b) A material containing a urethane acrylate containing a pentaerythritol skeleton.

(c) A phosphoric acid ester having one or more polymerizable groups in the molecule.

Meanwhile, the content of the (meth)acrylate containing a hydroxyl group, the urethane acrylate containing a pentaerythritol skeleton or the like relative to the total amount of the organic binder resin is preferably 20% by mass or greater.

Each material will be described below.

Specific examples of the (meth)acrylate containing the hydroxyl group in the molecule that is used in the formation of a transparent conductive layer include compounds represented by (formula 1) to (formula 8), but the present invention is not intended to be limited to these examples.

The (meth)acrylate containing the hydroxyl group is also preferably a (meth)acrylate containing a hydroxyl group and a pentaerythritol skeleton. Meanwhile, the “(meth)acrylate containing the hydroxyl group and the pentaerythritol skeleton” is such that if the hydroxyl group is present in the (meth)acrylate molecule, the hydroxyl groups of pentaerythritol may be all substituted, but preferably, the relevant compound means that at least one hydroxyl group of pentaerythritol is unsubstituted.

The pentaerythritol skeleton will be described in the paragraph for the material (b) such as described below.

Preferred examples of the (meth)acrylate containing the hydroxyl group in the molecule include, as shown in the formula 3 to formula 8, (meth)acrylates further containing a pentaerythritol skeleton.

The (meth)acrylate containing the hydroxyl group in the molecule that is used in the present invention can be synthesized by a known method. For example, in the case of an epoxy ester, the compound can be obtainable by allowing an epoxy compound and (meth)acrylic acid to react in the presence of an esterification catalyst and a polymerization inhibitor in an inert gas.

Examples of the inert gas include nitrogen, helium, argon, and carbon dioxide. These can be used singly or in combination.

Examples of the esterification catalyst that can be used include compounds containing tertiary amine such as triethylamine, pyridine derivatives and imidazole derivatives; phosphorus compound such as trimethylphosphine and triphenylphosphine; and amine salts such as tetramethylammonium chloride and triethylamine. The amount of addition is in the range of 0.000001% to 20% by mass, and preferably in the range of 0.001% to 1% by mass.

As the polymerization inhibitor, polymerization inhibitors that are known per se, such as hydroquinone and tertiary butylhydroquinone are used. The amount of use is selected in the range of 0.000001% to 0.1% by mass.

Examples of the epoxy ester include 2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl acrylate (trade name: ARONIX M-5700, manufactured by Toagosei Co., Ltd., or trade name: EPDXY ESTER M-600A, manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.); 2-hydroxy-3-acryloyloxypropyl methacrylate (trade name: LIGHT ESTER G-201P, manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.); and diglycidyl ether (meth)acrylic acid adducts such as glycerin diglycidyl ether acrylic acid adduct and propylene glycol diglycidyl ether acrylic acid adduct (trade name: EPDXY ESTER 80MFA (glycerin diglycidyl ether acrylic acid adduct), EPDXY ESTER 40EM (ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether methacrylic acid adduct), EPDXY ESTER 70PA (propylene glycol diglycidyl ether acrylic acid adduct), EPDXY ESTER 200PA (tripropylene glycol diglycidyl ether acrylic acid adduct), EPDXY ESTER 3002M (bisphenol A propylene oxide 2-mol adduct diglycidyl ether methacrylic acid adduct), EPDXY ESTER 3002A (bisphenol A propylene oxide 2-mol adduct diglycidyl ether acrylic acid adduct), EPDXY ESTER 3000 MK (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether methacrylic acid adduct), and EPDXY ESTER 3000A (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether acrylic acid adduct) (all manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.)).

Furthermore, in the case of the (meth)acrylate containing the hydroxyl group and the pentaerythritol skeleton, the compound can be obtained by allowing pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol or the like to react with acrylic acid or methacrylic acid in air in the presence of an esterification catalyst and a polymerization inhibitor. As the reaction method for adding acrylic acid or methacrylic acid to pentaerythritol dipentaerythritol, known methods that are described in Japanese Patent Application (JP-B) No. 5-86972 and JP-A No. 63-68642 can be applied.

Examples of commercially available products of the (meth)acrylate containing the hydroxyl group in the molecule include, in particular, LIGHT ESTER HOP, LIGHT ESTER HOA, LIGHT ESTER HOP-A, LIGHT ESTER HOB, LIGHT ESTER HO-MPP, LIGHT ESTER P-1M, LIGHT ESTER P-2M, LIGHT ESTER G-101P, LIGHT ESTER G-201P, LIGHT ESTER HOB-A, LIGHT ESTER HO-HH, LIGHT ACRYLATE HOA-HH, HOA-MPL, HOA-MPE, LIGHT ACRYLATE P-1A, and LIGHT ACRYLATE PE-3A (all manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.); ARONIX M-215, ARONIX M-305, ARONIX M-306, ARONIX M-451, ARONIX M-403, ARONIX M-400, ARONIX M-402, ARONIX M-404, and ARONIX M-406 (all manufactured by Toagosei Co., Ltd.).

Here, the term “pentaerythritol skeleton” indicates a structure represented by the following formula (c). The “urethane acrylate containing the pentaerythritol skeleton” specifically has a structure in which at least one hydrogen of the hydroxyl group of pentaerythritol present in the molecule of urethane acrylate is substituted by a carbamoyl group, and at least one hydroxyl group is esterified with (meth)acrylic acid. At this time, the carbamoyl group and the (meth)acrylic acid may also have substituents. Meanwhile, it is not necessary that the hydroxyl group substituted with a carbamoyl group and the hydroxyl group esterified with (meth)acrylic acid be hydroxyl groups that are bonded to the same pentaerythritol skeleton represented by the following (formula e).

Furthermore, it is also preferable that the urethane acrylate containing the pentaerythritol skeleton according to the present invention have dipentaerythritol in which two pentaerythritols are linked through an oxygen atom, as the pentaerythritol skeleton. In that case as well, at least one hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group of pentaerythritol is substituted by a carbamoyl group, and at least one hydroxyl group is esterified with (meth)acrylic acid. At this time, the carbamoyl group and the (meth)acrylic acid may also have substituents.

Furthermore, it is more preferable that the urethane acrylate also contains IPDI (3-isocyanatomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl isocyanate) at the same time. Furthermore, it is preferable that this urethane acrylate further contains a hydroxyl group in the molecule.

Here, the “IPDI (3-isocyariatomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl isocyanate) skeleton” means a structure represented by the following (formula f).

Specific examples of the urethane acrylate containing the pentaerythritol skeleton, and preferably, the urethane acrylate containing the pentaerythritol skeleton and the IPDI skeleton, include compounds represented by the following (formula 9) to (formula 15).

Meanwhile, R in the (formula 13) to (formula 15) may all be identical with or different from each other, and represent the moiety shown below. It is preferable that at least one or more be H.

The urethane acrylate containing the pentaerythritol skeleton can be synthesized by a known method. For example, since urethane acrylate is generally obtainable by allowing the hydroxyl group of a polyol compound, a polyisocyanate compound or the like to react with a (meth)acrylate containing a hydroxyl group by a known method, the urethane acrylate containing the pentaerythritol skeleton can be similarly produced by, for example, any one of the following production method 1 to production method 4.

(Production Method 1): A method of introducing a polyol compound, a polyisocyanate compound and a (meth)acrylate containing a pentaerythritol skeleton all together and allowing the mixture to react. (Production Method 2): A method of allowing a polyol compound and a polyisocyanate compound to react, and then allowing the resulting product to react with a (meth)acrylate containing a pentaerythritol skeleton. (Production Method 3): A method of allowing a polyisocyanate compound and a (meth)acrylate containing a pentaerythritol skeleton to react, and then allowing the resulting product to react with a polyol compound. (Production Method 4): A method of allowing a polyisocyanate compound and a (meth)acrylate containing a pentaerythritol skeleton to react, subsequently allowing the resulting product to react with a polyol compound, and finally allowing the resulting product to react with a (meth)acrylate containing a pentaerythritol skeleton.

Furthermore, these reactions may be carried out using a catalyst, and for example, tin-based catalysts such as dibutyltin laurate, and tertiary amine-based catalysts are used.

Examples of the (meth)acrylate containing the pentaerythritol skeleton used in the production method 1 to production method 4 include (meth)acrylates containing the hydroxyl group such as pentaerythritol diacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate, and dipentaerythritol tetraacrylate.

Examples of the polyisocyanate compound used in the production method 1 to production method 4 include 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate, 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate, 1,3-xylylene diisocyanate, 1,4-xylylene diisocyanate, 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate, m-phenylene diisocyanate, p-phenylene diisocyanate, 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 3,3′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4′-biphenylene diisocyanate, 1,6-hexane diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate (3-isocyanatomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl isocyanate), methylenebis(4-cyclohexyl isocyanate), 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, 1,4-hexamethylene diisocyanate, bis(2-isocyanatoethyl) fumarate, 6-isopropyl-1,3-phenyl diisocyanate, 4-diphenylpropane diisocyanate, and lysine diisocyanate.

As the urethane acrylate containing the pentaerythritol skeleton, commercially available products containing the urethane acrylate containing the pentaerythritol skeleton can also be used, and examples thereof include UA-306H, UA-306H, UA-306T, and UA-510H (manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.); and HA-7903-11 (manufactured by Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd.).

The urethane acrylate containing both the pentaerythritol skeleton and the IPDI skeleton can be obtainable by using isophorone diisocyanate as the polyisocyanate compound in the production method 1 to production method 4 described above.

Furthermore, commercially available products can also be used, and specific examples of the commercially available products containing the urethane acrylate containing both the pentaerythritol skeleton and the IPDI skeleton include the following.

Examples thereof include AY42-151 (containing SiO, fine particles as a filler, manufactured by Dow Corning Toray Silicone Co., Ltd.), UVHC3000 (containing no filler, manufactured by Momentive Performance Materials, Inc.), and UVHC7000 (containing no filler, manufactured by Momentive Performance Materials, Inc.).

An example of the material for forming the transparent conductive layer may be a phosphoric acid ester having one or more polymerizable groups in the molecule, and preferred examples thereof include phosphoric acid monoesters or phosphoric acid diesters, each having one or more polymerizable groups in the molecule. A phosphoric acid ester having one or more polymerizable groups in the molecule usually has the polymerizable group(s) in the ester moiety, and preferably has one polymerizable group in one ester moiety. The number of polymerizable groups in the molecule is preferably one or two. Furthermore, the phosphoric acid ester preferably has a (poly)alkylene oxide structure such as (poly)ethylene oxide or (poly)propylene oxide in the molecule.

The polymerizable group is preferably a group which is polymerized when irradiated with an energy beam, and examples thereof include groups having ethylenically unsaturated double bonds, such as a (meth)acryloyloxy group.

More specifically, the material for forming the transparent conductive layer is preferably a phosphoric acid monoester or a phosphoric acid diester, each having the (meth)acryloyloxy group in the molecule.

Examples of the phosphoric acid monoester or phosphoric acid diester, each having the (meth)acryloyloxy group, include compounds represented by (formula 16) or (formula 17).

wherein R1s each independently represent a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; m represents an integer of 1 or greater; n represents 1 or 2; and Xs are each independently selected from the following:

m is preferably 1 to 10, and more preferably 1 to 6.

wherein R1 and R2 each independently represent a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; l and m each independently represent an integer of 1 or greater; n represents 1 or 2; and Xs are each independently selected from the following:

l is preferably 1 to 10, and more preferably 1 to 5. m is preferably 1 to 5, and more preferably 1 to 2.

Furthermore, these phosphoric acid monoesters or phosphoric acid diesters, each having the (meth)acryloyloxy group, may be used as mixtures, or may also be used as mixtures with other (meth)acrylates and the like.

Commercially available products of the phosphoric acid monoesters or phosphoric acid diesters, each having the (meth)acryloyloxy group, include PM-21 represented by the following formula (g) (manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.); PHOSMER PP represented by the following formula (h), PHOSMER PE represented by the following formula (i), and PHOSMER M represented by the following formula (j) (all manufactured by Unichemical Co.); P-1M represented by the following formula (k), and P-2M represented by the following formula (l) (all manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.). Meanwhile, in regard to PHOSMER M and P-1M, the phosphoric acid esters that are contained as main ingredients are the same compounds, as shown in the following formulas.

As the organic binder resin, a polymerizable monomer or a polymerizable oligomer can also be used in place of the materials of the above items (a) to (c), or in combination with the materials of the above items (a) to (c). Examples of the polymerizable monomer or the polymerizable oligomer include (meth)acrylates.

Specific examples of the (meth)acrylates as the polymerizable monomer or the polymerizable oligomer include ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, nonaethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetradecaethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate, 1,9-nonanediol dimethacrylate, 1,10-decanediol dimethacrylate, dimethyloltricyclodecane dimethacrylate, dimethacrylates of ethylene oxide adducts of bisphenol A, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, nonaethylene glycol diacrylate, tetradecaethylene glycol diacrylate, polytetramethyelne glycol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol diacrylate, 1,9-nonanediol diacrylate, dimethyloltricyclodecane diacrylate, diacrylates of ethylene oxide adducts of bisphenol A, diacrylates of propylene oxide adducts of bisphenol A, trimethylolpropane acrylic acid benzoic acid ester, hydroxypivalic acid neopentyl glycol diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, ethylene oxide-modified trimethylolpropane triacrylate, propylene oxide-modified trimethylolpropane triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, isocyanuric acid ethylene oxide-modified triacrylate, polypropylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, ε-caprolactone-modified tris(acroxyethyl) isocyanurate, and phenyl glycidyl ether acrylate urethane prepolymers, and these may be used singly or as mixtures. Meanwhile, the present invention is not intended to be limited to these examples.

Commercially available products of these (meth)acrylates include LIGHT ESTER EG, LIGHT ESTER 2EG, LIGHT ESTER 3EG, LIGHT ESTER 4EG, LIGHT ESTER 9EG, LIGHT ESTER 14EG, LIGHT ESTER 1,4BG, LIGHT ESTER NP, LIGHT ESTER 1,6HX, LIGHT ESTER 1,9ND, LIGHT ESTER 1.10DC, LIGHT ESTER DCP-M, LIGHT ESTER BP-2EMK, LIGHT ESTER BP-4EM, LIGHT ESTER BP-6EM, LIGHT ESTER TMP, LIGHT ACRYLATE 3EG-A, LIGHT ACRYLATE 4EG-A, LIGHT ACRYLATE 9EG-A, LIGHT ACRYLATE 14EG-A, LIGHT ACRYLATE PTMGA-250, LIGHT ACRYLATE NP-A, LIGHT ACRYLATE MPD-A, LIGHT ACRYLATE 1,6HX-A, LIGHT ACRYLATE BEPG-A, LIGHT ACRYLATE 1,9ND-A, LIGHT ACRYLATE MOD-A, LIGHT ACRYLATE DCP-A, LIGHT ACRYLATE BP-4 EA, LIGHT ACRYLATE BP-4PA, LIGHT ACRYLATE BA-134, LIGHT ACRYLATE BP-10EA, LIGHT ACRYLATE HPP-A, LIGHT ACRYLATE TMP-A, LIGHT ACRYLATE TMP-3EO-A, LIGHT ACRYLATE TMP-6EO-3A, LIGHT ACRYLATE PE-4A, LIGHT ACRYLATE DPE-6A, AT-600, and AH-600 (all manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.); ARONIX M-215, ARONIX M-220, ARONIX M-225, ARONIX M-270, ARONIX M-240, ARONIX M-310, ARONIX M-321, ARONIX M-350, ARONIX M-360, ARONIX M-370, ARONIX M-315, ARONIX M-325, and ARONIX M-327 (all manufactured by Toagosei Co., Ltd.).

In the case of using a polymerizable monomer or a polymerizable oligomer in the formation of the transparent conductive layer, it is preferable that the entirety of the organic hinder resin used in the transparent conductive layer be cured using a thermal polymerization initiator or a photopolymerization initiator, and produced into a thin film. There are no particular limitations on the thermal curing method and the photocuring method, and conventional curing methods for the respective cases can be applied.

The thermal polymerization initiator used in the present invention may be any compound that can be degraded by heat, thereby generate radicals, and thereby initiate the polymerization of a polymerizable compound. Useful radical initiators are initiators that are already known, and examples thereof include organic peroxides and azonitriles; however, the radical initiators are not intended to be limited to these. Examples of the organic peroxides include alkyl peroxides, aryl peroxides, acyl peroxides, aroyl peroxides, ketone peroxides, peroxycarbonates, and peroxycarboxylates.

Examples of the alkyl peroxides include diisopropyl peroxide, ditertiary butyl peroxide, ditertiary amyl peroxide, tertiary butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate, tertiary amyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate, and tertiary butyl hydroperoxide. Examples of the aryl peroxides include dicumyl peroxide, and cumyl hydroperoxide. Examples of the acyl peroxides include dilauroyl peroxide. Examples of the aroyl peroxides include dibenzoyl peroxide. Examples of the ketone peroxides include methyl ethyl ketone peroxide and cyclohexanone peroxide.

Examples of the azonitriles include azobisisobutyronitrile, and azobisisopropylnitrile.

Commercially available products of the thermal polymerization initiator include, in particular, PEROYL IB, PERCUMYL ND, PEROYL NPP, PEROYL IPP, PEROYL SBP, PEROCTA ND, PEROYL TCP, PEROYL OPP, PERHEXYL ND, PERBUTYL ND, PERBUTYL NHP, PERHEXYL PV, PERBUTYL PV, PEROYL 355, PEROYL L, PEROCTA O, PEROYL SA, PERHEXA 250, PERHEXYL O, NYPER PMB, PERBUTYL O, NYPER BMT, NYPER BW, PERHEXA MC, and PERHEXA TMH (all manufactured by NOF Corp.); azo compounds, in particular, 2,2′-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 2,2′-azobis(2-methylbutyronitrile), 2,2′-azobis(N-(2-propenyl)-2-methylpropionamide) and/or dimethyl 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionate), and dimethyl 2,2′-azoisobtityrate.

The photopolymerization initiator may be any compound that can be degraded upon light irradiation, thereby generate radicals, and thereby initiate the polymerization of a polymerizable compound. Examples thereof include acetophenone, acetophenone benzyl ketal, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, xanthone, fluorenone, benzaldehyde, anthraquinone, triphenylamine, carbazole, 3-methylacetophenone, 4-chlorobenzophenone, 4,4′-dimethoxybenzophenone, 4,4′-diaminobenzophenone, Michler\'s ketone, benzoin propyl ether, benzoin ethyl ether, benzyl dimethyl ketal, 1-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one, thioxanthone, diethylthioxanthone, 2-isopropylthioxanthone, 2-chlorothioxanthone, 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropan-1-one, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide, and bis-(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphine oxide, but the photopolymerization initiator is not intended to be limited to these.

The commercially available products of the photopolymerization initiator include IRGACURE 651, IRGACURE 184, IRGACURE 500, IRGACURE 2959, IRGACURE 127, IRGACURE 754, IRGACURE 907, IRGACURE 369, IRGACURE 379, IRGACURE 379EG, IRGACURE 1300, IRGACURE 819, IRGACURE 819DW, IRGACURE 1800, IRGACURE 1870, IRGACURE 784, IRGACURE OXE01, IRGACURE OXE02, IRGACURE 250, IRGACURE PAG103, IRGACURE PAG108, IRGACURE PAG121, IRGACURE PAG203, DAROCURE 1173, DAROCURE MBF, DAROCURE TPO, DAROCURE 4265, DAROCURE EDB, and DAROCURE EHA (all manufactured by Ciba Japan K.K.); C0014. B1225, D1640, D2375, D2963, M1245, B0103, C1105, C0292, E0063, P0211, 10678, P1410, P1377, M1209, F0362, B0139, B1275, B0481, D1621, B1267, B1164, C0136, C1485, I0591, F0021, A0061, B0050, B0221, B0079, B0222, B1019, B1015, B0942, B0869, B0083, B2380, B2381, D1801, D3358, D2248, D2238, D2253, B1231, M0792, A1028, B0486, T0157, T2041, T2042, T1188, and T1608 (all manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.).

The surface resistivity of the transparent conductive layer is preferably 1000Ω/□ or greater, and more preferably 2000Ω/□ or greater.

In order to adjust the surface resistivity to 1000Ω/□ or greater, the adjustment can be achieved by adjusting the dopant as will be described below, using the above-described polymers as conductive polymers.

The measurement of the surface resistivity is carried out by a four-point probe method using a low resistivity meter (trade name: LORESTA EP, manufactured by Dia Instruments Co., Ltd.). Meanwhile, if the organic binder resin of the transparent conductive layer is a curable resin, the measurement of the surface resistivity is carried out after curing.

As the transparent resin substrate according to the present invention, for example, a polymer film or the like can be used.

Examples of the polymer film include resins films such as films of polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate; films of polyolefins such as polypropylene; polyvinyl chloride films, acrylic resin films, polyether sulfone films, polyallylate films, and polycarbonate films. However, a polyethylene terephthalate film is preferred because it has excellent transparency and is excellent in moldability, adhesiveness, processability, and the like.

The thickness of the transparent conductive layer to be coated on the transparent resin substrate is preferably in the range of 10 nm to 5,000 nm, and there are no particular limitations on the thickness of the transparent resin substrate. For example, in the case of a polymer film, the thickness is preferably in the range of 10 μm to 200 μm.

In order to prevent the short circuit phenomenon occurring as a result of incorporation of foreign materials due to narrow gap between the substrates, a transparent conductive resin substrate having a transparent insulating layer having a thickness of about several nanometers (nm) to one micrometer (μm) formed on the transparent conductive layer, may also be used.

The transparent conductive layer according to the present invention is obtainable by mixing the materials that form the transparent conductive layer (an organic binder resin, a conductive polymer, and the like), and applying the mixture on the transparent resin substrate. The method for mixing the materials that form the transparent conductive layer is not particularly limited as long as the method includes mixing and dissolving the materials; however, for example, a method of first dissolving an organic binder resin such as the (meth)acrylate containing the hydroxyl group, in an alcohol or the like, and incorporating a conductive polymer into the solution, is preferred.

As for the particle size of the conductive polymer, if the particle size is too small, there is a tendency that the electrical resistance becomes high, and if the particle size is too large, there is a tendency that uniform film formation cannot be achieved. Thus, an average particle size is preferable in the range of 50 nm to 200 nm.

Here, the average particle size of the conductive polymer is a value measured by an analysis according to a dynamic light scattering method. Specific examples of an apparatus utilizing this system include ZETASIZER NANO S manufactured by Malvern Instruments, Ltd.

When the materials that form the transparent conductive layer (an organic binder resin, a conductive polymer and the like) are mixed, and then the mixture is applied on a transparent resin substrate using a bar coater method, a Meyer bar coater method, an applicator method, a doctor blade method, a roll coater method, a die coater method, a comma coater method, a gravure coating method, a microgravure coating method, a roll brush method, a spray coating method, an air knife coating method, an impregnation method, a curtain coating method and the like, singly or in combination, a transparent conductive layer can be obtained.

In addition, at the time of applying the mixture, if necessary, the mixture may be diluted with an appropriate solvent, and thereby, a solution or dispersion liquid of the materials that form the transparent conductive layer may be used. In the case of using a solvent, a drying process is needed after the solution or dispersion liquid is applied on the transparent resin substrate.

The solvent used in the formation of the transparent conductive layer according to the present invention may be any solvent that can dissolve or disperse the materials that form the transparent conductive layer, and can be removed by drying or the like after the formation of the transparent conductive layer. Examples thereof that can be used include water, isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, methanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 2-methoxyethanol, propylene glycol, and dimethyl sulfoxide, and solvent mixtures thereof may also be used.

The surface resistivity of the transparent conductive layer can be controlled, primarily by the amount of the dopant for the conductive polymer, the amount of the organic binder resin, the layer thickness, the type of the solvent and the like. Specifically, if the amount of the dopant is reduced, the surface resistivity tends to decrease. As for the mixing ratio of the conductive polymer and the organic binder resin, the proportion of the conductive polymer is preferably 20% to 80% by mass, and more preferably 25% to 60% by mass, relative to the total amount of the conductive polymer and the organic binder resin.

Meanwhile, as the dopant for the conductive polymer, for example, in the case of the polythiophene derivative represented by the (formula a) shown above, polystyrenesulfonic acid may be used as a preferred dopant. In the case of the polyaniline derivatives represented by the above-shown (formula b) and the above-shown (formula c), a sulfonic acid compound such as dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid may be used as a preferred dopant. In the case of the polypyrrole derivative represented by the above-shown (formula d), 2,3,6,7-tetracyano-1,4,5,8-tetraazanaphthalene may be used as a preferred dopant.

The light control layer according to the present invention is formed from a light control material containing a resin matrix and a light control suspension dispersed in the resin matrix. Meanwhile, the resin matrix is formed from a polymeric medium, and the light control suspension is a liquid in which light control particles are dispersed in a dispersion medium in a flowable state. As the polymeric medium and the dispersion medium (the dispersion medium in the light control suspension), use is made of a polymeric medium and a dispersion medium that make it possible that the polymeric medium and a cured product therefrom can undergo phase-separation from the dispersion medium at least when these material have been formed into a film. It is preferable to use a combination of a polymeric medium and a dispersion medium that are non-compatible or only partially compatible with each other.

The polymeric medium used in the present invention may be a medium which includes (A) a resin having a substituent containing an ethylenically unsaturated bond, and (B) a photopolymerization initiator, and is cured when irradiated with an energy beam such as ultraviolet ray, visible ray, or electron beam.

As the (A) resin having an ethylenically unsaturated bond, a silicone resin (also called “polysiloxane resin”), an acrylic resin, a polyester resin and the like are used with preference, from the viewpoints of ease of synthesis, light control performance, durability and the like. It is preferable that these resins have, as substituents, alkyl groups such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an amyl group, an isoamyl group, a hexyl group and a cyclohexyl group; and aryl groups such as a phenyl group and a naphthyl group, from the viewpoints of light control performance, durability and the like.

Specific examples of the silicone resin include those resins described in JP-B No. 53-36515, JP-B No. 57-52371, JP-B No. 58-53656, JP-B No. 61-17863, and the like.

The silicone resins are synthesized by, for example, subjecting silanol-both-terminated siloxane polymers such as a silanol-both-terminated polydimethylsiloxane, a silanol-both-terminated polydiphenylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer, and a silanol-both-terminated polymethylphenylsiloxane; trialkylalkoxysilanes such as trimethylethoxysilane; silane compounds containing an ethylenically unsaturated bond such as (3-acryloxypropyl)methyldimethoxysilane; and the like to a dehydrogenation condensation reaction and a dealcoholization reaction in the presence of an organotin-based catalyst such as tin 2-ethylhexanoate. As the type of the silicone resin, a solvent-free type is preferably used. That is, when a solvent is used in the synthesis of a silicone resin, it is preferable to remove the solvent after the synthesis reaction.

In regard to the feed blending of the various raw materials for condensation at the time of production of the silicone resins, the amount of the silane compound containing the ethylenically unsaturated bond such as (3-acryloxypropyl)methyldimethoxysilane is preferably set to 2.0% to 8.0% by mass, and more preferably to 2.3% to 6.9% by mass, relative to the total amount of the raw materials for condensation of the structural units of the polysiloxane resin (total amount of the raw material siloxane and slime compounds). If the amount of the silane compound containing the ethylenically unsaturated bond is less than 2.0% by mass, the ethylenically unsaturated bond concentration of the resin that is finally obtained tends to be excessively lower than the desired concentration. If the amount is greater than 8.0% by mass, the ethylenically unsaturated bond concentration of the resulting resin tends to be excessively higher than the desired concentration.

The acrylic resin can be obtainable by, for example, copolymerizing a main chain-forming monomer such as a (meth)acrylic acid alkyl ester, a (meth)acrylic acid aryl ester, benzyl(meth)acrylate or styrene, and a monomer containing a functional group for introducing an ethylenically unsaturated bond, such as (meth)acrylic acid, hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, isocyanatoethyl (meth)acrylate or glycidyl (meth)acrylate, to synthesize a prepolymer, and then performing an addition reaction of a monomer such as glycidyl (meth)acrylate, isocyanatoethyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate or (meth)acrylate, to the prepolymer so that the monomer can react with the functional groups of the prepolymer.

There are no particular limitations on the polyester resin, and examples thereof include those polymer that can be easily produced by known methods.

The weight average molecular weight of this (A) resin having an ethylenically unsaturated bond, as measured by gel permeation chromatography and calculated relative to polystyrene standards, is preferably in the range of 35,000 to 60,000, more preferably in the range of 37,000 to 58,000, and even more preferably in the range of 40,000 to 55,000.

The amount of the structural unit containing an ethylenically unsaturated bond of the resin having an ethylenically unsaturated bond, is preferably 1.3% to 5.0% by mass, and more preferably 1.5% to 4.5% by mass, relative to the total amount of structural units.

The ethylenically unsaturated bond concentration of the (A) resin having an ethylenically unsaturated bond can be determined from the integrated intensity ratio of hydrogen obtained by NMR. Furthermore, when the conversion ratio of the feed raw materials to the resin is known, the ethylenically unsaturated bond concentration can also be determined by calculation.

The (B) photopolymerization initiator used in the polymeric medium may be any agent that can be degraded upon light irradiation, thereby generate radicals, and thereby initiate the polymerization of a polymerizable compound. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, acetophenone, acetophenone benzyl ketal, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, xanthone, fluorenone, benzaldehyde, anthraquinone, triphenylamine, carbazole, 3-methylacetophenone, 4-chlorobenzophenone, 4,4′-dimethoxybenzophenone, 4,4′-diaminobenzophenone, Michler\'s ketone, benzoin propyl ether, benzoin ethyl ether, benzyl dimethyl ketal, 1-(4-isopropylophenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-1-one, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one, thioxanthone, diethylthioxanthone, 2-isopropylthioxanthone, 2-chlorothioxanthone, 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropan-1-one, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide, and bis-(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphine oxide.

Commercially available products of the photopolymerization initiator include IRGACURE 651, IRGACURE 184, IRGACURE 500, IRGACURE 2959, IRGACURE 127, IRGACURE 754, IRGACURE 907, IRGACURE 369, IRGACURE 379, IRGACURE 379EG, IRGACURE 1300, IRGACURE 819, IRGACURE 819DW, IRGACURE 1800, IRGACURE 1870, IRGACURE 784, IRGACURE OXE01, IRGACURE OXE02, IRGACURE 250, IRGACURE PAG103, IRGACURE PAG108, IRGACURE PAG121, IRGACURE PAG203, DAROCURE 1173, DAROCURE MBF, DAROCURE TPO, DAROCURE 4265, DAROCURE EDB, and DAROCURE EHA (all manufactured by Ciba Japan K.K.); C0014, B1225, D1640, D2375, D2963, M1245, B0103, C1105, C0292, E0063, P0211, 10678, P1410, P1377, M1209, F0362, B0139, B1275, B0481, D1621, B1267, B1164, C0136, C1485, I0591, F0021, A0061, B0050, B0221, B0079, B0222, B1019, B1015, B0942, B0869. B0083, B2380, B2381, D1801, D3358, D2248, D2238, D2253, B1231, M0792, A1028, B0486, T0157, T2041, T2042, T1188, and T1608 (all manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.).