Triggering actions in an information feed system   

Abstract: Disclosed are systems, apparatus, methods, and computer readable media for performing actions in response to information updates provided in an information feed. In one implementation, an information update to be displayed in an information feed is received. The information feed may be capable of being displayed on a display device. The information update may be stored in a feed table for display in the information feed. A determination may be made as to whether the information update includes information satisfying a trigger condition associated with a trigger rule. When the information in the information update satisfies the trigger condition, the trigger rule may be activated. The trigger rule may specify a trigger action to perform in association with the information update.

This application claims priority to co-pending and commonly assigned Provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 61/474,546, titled “Systems and Methods for Triggering Events Over a Social Network”, by Kemp, et al., filed on Apr. 12, 2011 (Attorney Docket No. 624PROV), Provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 61/406,524, titled “Performing Scheduling and Providing Auto-responses via an Enterprise Business Network Feed”, by Kevin Schraith, filed on Oct. 25, 2010 (Attorney Docket No. SLFCP022P/480PROV), and Provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 61/416,204, titled “Chatter Keywords”, by Sopko et al., filed on Nov. 22, 2010 (Attorney Docket No. 483PROV), all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety and for all purposes.

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material, which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present application relates generally to providing information updates in an information feed system and, more specifically, to techniques for analyzing and responding to information updates.

“Cloud computing” services provide shared resources, software, and information to computers and other devices upon request. In cloud computing environments, software can be accessible over the Internet rather than installed locally on in-house computer systems. Cloud computing typically involves over-the-Internet provision of dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources. Technological details can be abstracted from the users, who no longer have need for expertise in, or control over, the technology infrastructure “in the cloud” that supports them.

Database resources can be provided in a cloud computing context. However, using conventional database management techniques, it is difficult to know about the activity of other users of a database system in the cloud or other network. For example, the actions of a particular user, such as a salesperson, on a database resource may be important to the user\'s boss. The user can create a report about what the user has done and send it to the boss, but such reports may be inefficient, not timely, and incomplete. Also, it may be difficult to identify other users who might benefit from the information in the report.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The included drawings are for illustrative purposes and serve only to provide examples of possible structures and process operations for the disclosed inventive systems, apparatus, and methods for performing trigger actions and detecting trigger conditions on an information feed in an information feed system. These drawings in no way limit any changes in form and detail that may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosed implementations.

FIG. 1A illustrates a block diagram of an example of an environment 10 wherein an on-demand database service might be used.

FIG. 1B illustrates a block diagram of an implementation of elements of FIG. 1A and various possible interconnections between these elements.

FIG. 2A shows a system diagram 200 illustrating architectural components of an on-demand service environment according to one implementation.

FIG. 2B shows a system diagram further illustrating architectural components of an on-demand service environment according to one implementation.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a method 300 for tracking updates to a record stored in a database system according to one or more implementations.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of components of a database system performing a method for tracking an update to a record according to one or more implementations.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method 500 for tracking actions of a user of a database system according to one or more implementations.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a method 600 for creating a news feed from messages created by a user about a record or another user according to one or more implementations.

FIG. 7 shows an example of a group feed on a group page according to one or more implementations.

FIG. 8 shows an example of a record feed containing a feed tracked update, post, and comments according to one or more implementations.

FIG. 9A shows a plurality of tables that may be used in tracking events and creating feeds according to one or more implementations.

FIG. 9B is a flowchart illustrating a method 900 for automatically subscribing a user to an object in a database system according to implementations.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart of a method 1000 for saving information to feed tracking tables according to one or more implementations.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a method 1100 for reading a feed item as part of generating a feed for display according to one or more implementations.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart of a method 1200 for reading a feed item of a profile feed for display according to one or more implementations.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart of a method 1300 of storing event information for efficient generation of feed items to display in a feed according to one or more implementations.

FIG. 14 is a flowchart of a method 1400 for creating a custom feed for users of a database system using filtering criteria according to one or more implementations.

FIG. 15 is a flowchart of method 1500 for a trigger rule life cycle, performed according to one or more implementations.

FIG. 16 is a flowchart of a method 1600 for creating a trigger rule, performed according to one or more implementations.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart of a method 1700 for activating a trigger rule, performed according to one or more implementations.

FIG. 18 is a flowchart of a method 1800 for performing a translate rule, performed according to one or more implementations.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart of a method 1900 for configuring an automatic messaging rule, performed according to one or more implementations.

FIG. 20 is a flowchart of a method 2000 for creating an automatic data object rule, performed according to one or more implementations.

FIG. 21 is a flowchart of a method 2100 for creating a scheduled information update rule, performed according to one or more implementations.

FIGS. 22-36 show images of user interface components, generated according to one or more implementations.

FIG. 37 shows a flowchart of a method 3700 for a keyword life cycle method, performed according to some implementations.

FIG. 38 shows a flowchart of a method 3800 for configuring keywords for a user account, performed according to some implementations.

FIG. 39 shows a flowchart of a method 3900 for monitoring for a keyword, performed according to some implementations.

FIG. 40 shows a flowchart of a method 4000 for terminating keyword-based following, performed according to some implementations.

FIGS. 41 and 42 show images of user interface components, generated according to one or more implementations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Examples of systems, apparatus, and methods according to the disclosed implementations are described in this section. These examples are being provided solely to add context and aid in the understanding of the disclosed implementations. It will thus be apparent to one skilled in the art that implementations may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known process/method steps have not been described in detail in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring implementations. Other applications are possible, such that the following examples should not be taken as definitive or limiting either in scope or setting.

In the following detailed description, references are made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the description and in which are shown, by way of illustration, specific implementations. Although these implementations are described in sufficient detail to enable one skilled in the art to practice the disclosed implementations, it is understood that these examples are not limiting, such that other implementations may be used and changes may be made without departing from their spirit and scope. For example, the blocks of methods shown and described herein are not necessarily performed in the order indicated. It should also be understood that the methods may include more or fewer blocks than are indicated. In some implementations, blocks described herein as separate blocks may be combined. Conversely, what may be described herein as a single block may be implemented in multiple blocks.

The “following” of a database record, as described in greater detail below, allows a user to track the progress of that record. Updates to the record, also referred to herein as changes, can occur and be noted on an information feed such as the record feed or the news feed of a user subscribed to the record. With the disclosed implementations, updates are often presented as an item or entry in the feed, but can also be presented as a collection of individual of items. Types of such updates can include field changes in a data record, posts such as explicit text or characters submitted by a user, status updates, uploaded files, and links to other data or records. Also, one type of update is the creation of the record itself. Updates can also be group-related, e.g., a change to group status information for a group of which the user is a member. Users following the record are capable of viewing updates on the user\'s feed.

In some implementations, the disclosed methods, apparatus, systems, and computer program products may be configured or designed for use in a multi-tenant database environment.

Various implementations described or referenced herein are directed to different methods, apparatus, systems, and computer program products for facilitating the performance of trigger rules on an information feed in an on-demand database service environment. The disclosed implementations provide for creating and activating trigger rules for automatically responding to information updates. For example, implementations of the disclosed systems, apparatus, and methods are configured to create data objects in response to detecting designated conditions in information updates. As another example, implementations of the disclosed systems, apparatus, and methods are configured to cause user account to follow data objects in response to detecting designated conditions in information updates.

In some implementations, a trigger rule can be created. A trigger rule may designate one or more trigger conditions and one or more trigger actions. The system may then compare the trigger rule with an information update created in an information feed system. When the designated trigger condition or conditions is detected, the designated trigger action or actions is performed.

In some implementations, a condition may include one or more text strings included in the information update, status conditions associated with the information update, information update scheduling information, or any other information accessible via the system. A single trigger rule may be associated with various numbers and types of trigger conditions. A trigger condition may be selected by a user, defined by custom computer programming language code, or created by the system.

In some implementations, a designated action may be performed for an information update when a trigger condition is detected. The action may include altering the information update, creating a new information update, creating or altering a data object, removing a data object, sending a message, creating an information update in a social networking system accessible via a network such as the Internet (e.g., Twitter®), or performing any other action capable of being performed by the system.

In some implementations, the action may include creating a data object such as a database record based on an information update. For example, an information update may be selected for comparison with a data object creation rule. The data object creation rule may specify a data object creation operation for creating the data object. A determination may be made as to whether the selected information update includes information satisfying a trigger condition associated with the data object creation rule. When the information in the selected information update satisfies the trigger condition, the data object creation operation may be performed to create the data object. The data object creation operation may identify information to include in the data object.

In some implementations, the action may include causing designated user accounts to follow or stop following a designated database record, user account, group of user accounts, or other construct. For example, an information update may be created in associated with a database record, such as a case. If the text string “!ALLFOLLOW” or “!UNFOLLOW” is detected in the information update, then a designated list of users may be made to follow or stop following the case.

In some implementations, the action may include translating an information update when a trigger condition is detected. For example, a trigger rule may be configured to translate an information update from one language (e.g., English) to another language (e.g., French) when the system detects that the information update includes the text string “&translate”. The translated text may be stored on a storage medium, presented in a new information update, or transmitted in a message.

In some implementations, keywords may be stored in association with a user account. Then, if any of these words is mentioned in a conversation within the information feed system, the user account is made to automatically follow the users having the conversation. The system may monitor any information updates that the user account has permission to view according to a security and privacy model. The following action may remain in place until a termination event occurs, such as the passage of a designated time period.

In some implementations, keyword-based monitoring may allow users to stay informed about a variety of topics. For example, a user may plan to be involved with an event in the future and may wish to know whenever other users mention the event. As another example, a user may be responsible for a particular technology or software and may want to know whenever other users ask questions or discuss problems related to the technology or software. In these and other examples, the user could manually search through publically available updates, but such searching requires time and effort and may need to be performed often to be effective. Alternately, the user could follow any users, groups, or data records that might discuss the topic of interest, but such a strategy might result in the user receiving an excess of irrelevant information. Instead, as described herein, the user can specify one or more keywords for active monitoring. When the system finds information updates, data objects, or other information within the feed system that matches the keywords, the user will be informed. The user can receive as much or as little information related to the identified keyword as desired.

In some implementations, keywords may be displayed within a profile page or other user interface component within an information feed system. Keywords displayed within a profile page may resize dynamically based on various factors such as the prevalence of the keyword as compared to other keywords, a designated importance ranking indicated by the user, or a frequency of occurrence within the information feed system. The system may suggest or recommend keywords to users based similarity or relevance to existing keywords. Keyword entry may employ an auto-complete or selection mechanism to enforce usage of existing keywords, which may help in avoiding the creation of many variations of one term. The system may also prevent designated keywords from being used.

In some implementations, users may create their own applications using a framework. For example, a user may create a class implemented in a computer programming language. The class may include methods that override abstract methods provided in the framework. By overriding these abstract methods, the user may specify a trigger condition and trigger action for a trigger rule.

In some implementations, users may communicate in an information feed system such as a social networking system by posting information updates that include comments, files, status information, and other types of information. An information feed system may be configured to react to conditions defined by trigger rules. The trigger rules may extend and enhance the functionality of the information feed system by streamlining the performance of an action. For instance, instead of manually causing a collection of user accounts to follow a data record, the user can simply enter a text string such as “!ALLFOLLOW” into an information update and let the system automatically perform the action. As another example, instead of manually creating a database record and manually populating its content, the user can simply enter a text string such as “!CASE” and let the system automatically create the database record based on the information update. As yet another example, a user such as a manager may automatically follow a particularly active discussion, such as one with more than ten reply comments to a post, in order to be aware of hot-button issues within the feed system. As still another example, a user may be notified if a comment is posted to a Case data object that has a status of “Closed,” since normally such a case might be expected to remain dormant. As still another example, a user following a designated keyword (e.g., an account name) may be notified if the status of an Opportunity database record for the account changes from “Dead” or “Closed” to a different status, such as “Pending.

In one example, two users named Chet and Cindy may be discussing a problem with Windows® via information updates posted in an information feed. Chet may wish to create a “Case” database object in a customer relations management (CRM) system in order to resolve the problem. Instead of manually creating the database object, Chet can simply post an information update that includes the text string “!case.” Chet\'s information update may then be compared with a predefined trigger rule for automatically creating a case. The predefined trigger rule may specify that a case will be automatically created when the text string “! case” is detected. Thus, the trigger rule may be activated to automatically create the case. The case may include information drawn from any associated information updates. For example, the information updates may be added to the comments associated with the case.

In one example, an administrator may set a regular weekly update that is going to go out every week at a certain time. The weekly update may remind users to post a timecard before leaving for the weekend. For example, the user named Chet may receive an information update on Friday that states: “The end of the week is coming fast! Don\'t forget to post your timecard to the system before you go home for the weekend! Thanks, The Mgmt.”

In one example, an administrator may create a rule to automatically respond to the phrase “order 66” that relates to a topic that users are forbidden to discuss. The system may then monitor posts to detect the presence of the “order 66” phrase. The automatic process searching for the phrase “order 66” may run periodically (e.g., every hour), on demand, or for each new information update created. When Chet posts an information update that includes the text “Order 66 is a really bad idea,” the system may automatically generate an information update in response that reminds Chet that discussion of the topic is not permitted.

In one example, an H.R. employee named Chet wants to be included on any conversations that mention the new employee H.R. management software he has implemented, called HRForce. Chet can go to his Chatter profile page, scroll to the section in the right sidebar labeled “Key Words,” and click the edit icon. An input box appears, allowing Chet to enter “HRForce” and the number of days to follow any employees that mention the term. Chet then click a Save button, and the word HRForce appears in the appropriate key words section. One week later, an employee posts an information update directed at another employee that states: “I′m really enjoying being able to see all of my benefits in HRForce, I just wish there were more documentation to go along with it.” In this example, Chet is made to immediately begin following both employees for the number of days specified, and the relevant conversation now appears in Chet\'s information feed.

These and other implementations may be implemented by various types of hardware, software, firmware, etc. For example, some implementations may be implemented, at least in part, by machine-readable media that include program instructions, state information, etc., for performing various services and operations described herein. Examples of program instructions include both machine code, such as produced by a compiler, and files containing higher-level code that may be executed by the computer using an interpreter. Examples of machine-readable media include, but are not limited to, magnetic media such as hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tape; optical media such as CD-ROM disks; magneto-optical media; and hardware devices that are specially configured to store program instructions, such as read-only memory devices (“ROM”) and random access memory (“RAM”). These and other features and benefits of the disclosed implementations will be described in more detail below with reference to the associated drawings.

The term “multi-tenant database system” can refer to those systems in which various elements of hardware and software of the database system may be shared by one or more customers. For example, a given application server may simultaneously process requests for a great number of customers, and a given database table may store rows for a potentially much greater number of customers. The term “query plan” generally refers to one or more steps used to access information in a database system.

A “user profile” or “user\'s profile” is generally configured to store and maintain data about the user of the database system. The data can include general information, such as title, phone number, a photo, a biographical summary, and a status (e.g., text describing what the user is currently doing). As mentioned below, the data can include messages created by other users. Where there are multiple tenants, a user is typically associated with a particular tenant. For example, a user could be a salesperson of a company that is a tenant of the database system that provides a database service.

The term “record” generally refers to a data entity, such as an instance of a data object created by a user of the database service, for example, about a particular (actual or potential) business relationship or project. The data object can have a data structure defined by the database service (a standard object) or defined by a subscriber (custom object). For example, a record can be for a business partner or potential business partner (e.g. a client, vendor, distributor, etc.) of the user, and can include an entire company, subsidiaries, or contacts at the company. As another example, a record can be a project that the user is working on, such as an opportunity (e.g. a possible sale) with an existing partner, or a project that the user is trying to get. In one implementation implementing a multi-tenant database, all of the records for the tenants have an identifier stored in a common table. A record has data fields that are defined by the structure of the object (e.g. fields of certain data types and purposes). A record can also have custom fields defined by a user. A field can be another record or include links thereto, thereby providing a parent-child relationship between the records.

The terms “feed” and “information feed” generally include a combination (e.g. a list) of feed items or entries with various types of information and data. Such feed items can be stored and maintained in one or more database tables, e.g., as rows in the table(s), that can be accessed to retrieve relevant information to be presented as part of a displayed feed. The term “feed item” (or feed element) refers to information about a user (“profile feed”) of the database or about a record (“record feed”) in the database. A profile feed and a record feed are examples of different information feeds. A user following the user or record can receive the associated feed items. In some implementations, the feed items from all of the followed users and records can be combined into a single feed for the user.

As examples, a feed item can be a message, such as a user-generated post of text data, and a feed tracked update to a record or profile, such as a change to a field of the record. A feed can be a combination of messages and feed tracked updates. Messages include text created by a user, and may include other data as well. Examples of messages include posts, user status updates, and comments. Messages can be created for a user\'s profile or for a record. Posts can be created by various users, potentially any user, although some restrictions can be applied. As an example, posts can be made to a wall section of a user\'s profile (which can include a number of recent posts) or a section of a record that includes multiple posts. The posts can be organized in chronological order when displayed in a graphical user interface (GUI) as part of a feed. In contrast to a post, a user status update changes a status of a user and can be made by that user or an administrator. Other similar sections of a user\'s profile can also include an “About” section. A record can also have a status, whose update can be provided by an owner of the record or other users having suitable write access permissions to the record. The owner can be a single user, multiple users, or a group. In one implementation, there is only one status for a record. In one implementation, a comment can be made on any feed item. In another implementation, comments are organized as a list explicitly tied to a particular feed tracked update, post, or status update. In this implementation, comments may not be listed in the first layer (in a hierarchal sense) of feed items, but listed as a second layer branching from a particular first layer feed item.

A “feed tracked update,” also referred to herein as a “feed update,” generally refers to data representing an event, and can include text generated by the database system in response to the event, to be provided as one or more feed items for possible inclusion in one or more feeds. In one implementation, the data can initially be stored, and then the database system can later use the data to create text for describing the event. Both the data and/or the text can be a feed tracked update, as used herein. In various implementations, an event can be an update of a record and/or can be triggered by a specific action by a user. Which actions trigger an event can be configurable. Which events have feed tracked updates created and which feed updates are sent to which users can also be configurable. Messages and feed updates can be stored as a field or child object of the record. For example, the feed can be stored as a child object of the record.

A “group” is generally a collection of users. In some aspects, the group may be defined as users with a same or similar attribute, or by membership. In one implementation, a “group feed” includes any feed item about any user in a group. In another implementation, the group feed includes feed items that are about the group as a whole. In one implementation, the feed items for a group are only posts and comments.

An “entity feed” or “record feed” generally refers to a feed of feed items about a particular record in the database, such as feed tracked updates about changes to the record and posts made by users about the record. An entity feed can be composed of any type of feed item. Such a feed can be displayed on a page (e.g. a web page) associated with the record (e.g. a home page of the record). As used herein, a “profile feed” is a feed of feed items about a particular user. In one implementation, the feed items for a profile feed are posts and comments that other users make about or send to the particular user, and status updates made by the user. Such a profile feed can be displayed on a page associated with the particular user. In another implementation, feed items in a profile feed could include posts made by the particular user and feed tracked changes (feed tracked updates) initiated based on actions of the particular user.

I. General Overview

Systems, apparatus, and methods are provided for implementing enterprise level social and business information networking. Such implementations can provide more efficient use of a database system. For instance, a user of a database system may not easily know when important information in the database has changed, e.g., about a project or client. Implementations can provide feed tracked updates about such changes and other events, thereby keeping users informed.

By way of example, a user can update a record (e.g. an opportunity such as a possible sale of 1000 computers). Once the record update has been made, a feed tracked update about the record update can then automatically be sent (e.g. in a feed) to anyone subscribing to the opportunity or to the user. Thus, the user does not need to contact a manager regarding the change in the opportunity, since the feed tracked update about the update is sent via a feed right to the manager\'s feed page (or other page).

Next, mechanisms and methods for providing systems implementing enterprise level social and business information networking will be described with reference to example implementations. First, an overview of an example database system is described, and then examples of tracking events for a record, actions of a user, and messages about a user or record are described. Various implementations about the data structure of feeds, customizing feeds, user selection of records and users to follow, generating feeds, and displaying feeds are also described.

II. System Overview

FIG. 1A illustrates a block diagram of an environment 10 wherein an on-demand database service might be used. Environment 10 may include user systems 12, network 14, system 16, processor system 17, application platform 18, network interface 20, tenant data storage 22, system data storage 24, program code 26, and process space 28. In other implementations, environment 10 may not have all of the components listed and/or may have other elements instead of, or in addition to, those listed above.

Environment 10 is an environment in which an on-demand database service exists. User system 12 may be any machine or system that is used by a user to access a database user system. For example, any of user systems 12 can be a handheld computing device, a mobile phone, a laptop computer, a work station, and/or a network of computing devices. As illustrated in FIG. 1A (and in more detail in FIG. 1B) user systems 12 might interact via a network 14 with an on-demand database service, which is system 16.

An on-demand database service, such as system 16, is a database system that is made available to outside users that do not need to necessarily be concerned with building and/or maintaining the database system, but instead may be available for their use when the users need the database system (e.g., on the demand of the users). Some on-demand database services may store information from one or more tenants stored into tables of a common database image to form a multi-tenant database system (MTS). Accordingly, “on-demand database service 16” and “system 16” will be used interchangeably herein. A database image may include one or more database objects. A relational database management system (RDBMS) or the equivalent may execute storage and retrieval of information against the database object(s). Application platform 18 may be a framework that allows the applications of system 16 to run, such as the hardware and/or software, e.g., the operating system. In an implementation, on-demand database service 16 may include an application platform 18 that enables creation, managing and executing one or more applications developed by the provider of the on-demand database service, users accessing the on-demand database service via user systems 12, or third party application developers accessing the on-demand database service via user systems 12.

The users of user systems 12 may differ in their respective capacities, and the capacity of a particular user system 12 might be entirely determined by permissions (permission levels) for the current user. For example, where a salesperson is using a particular user system 12 to interact with system 16, that user system has the capacities allotted to that salesperson. However, while an administrator is using that user system to interact with system 16, that user system has the capacities allotted to that administrator. In systems with a hierarchical role model, users at one permission level may have access to applications, data, and database information accessible by a lower permission level user, but may not have access to certain applications, database information, and data accessible by a user at a higher permission level. Thus, different users will have different capabilities with regard to accessing and modifying application and database information, depending on a user\'s security or permission level, also called authorization.

Network 14 is any network or combination of networks of devices that communicate with one another. For example, network 14 can be any one or any combination of a LAN (local area network), WAN (wide area network), telephone network, wireless network, point-to-point network, star network, token ring network, hub network, or other appropriate configuration. As the most common type of computer network in current use is a TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) network, such as the global internetwork of networks often referred to as the “Internet” with a capital “I,” that network will be used in many of the examples herein. However, it should be understood that the networks that the present implementations might use are not so limited, although TCP/IP is a frequently implemented protocol.

User systems 12 might communicate with system 16 using TCP/IP and, at a higher network level, use other common Internet protocols to communicate, such as HTTP, FTP, AFS, WAP, etc. In an example where HTTP is used, user system 12 might include an HTTP client commonly referred to as a “browser” for sending and receiving HTTP messages to and from an HTTP server at system 16. Such an HTTP server might be implemented as the sole network interface between system 16 and network 14, but other techniques might be used as well or instead. In some implementations, the interface between system 16 and network 14 includes load sharing functionality, such as round-robin HTTP request distributors to balance loads and distribute incoming HTTP requests evenly over a plurality of servers. At least as for the users that are accessing that server, each of the plurality of servers has access to the MTS\' data; however, other alternative configurations may be used instead.

In one implementation, system 16, shown in FIG. 1A, implements a web-based customer relationship management (CRM) system. For example, in one implementation, system 16 includes application servers configured to implement and execute CRM software applications as well as provide related data, code, forms, webpages and other information to and from user systems 12 and to store to, and retrieve from, a database system related data, objects, and Webpage content. With a multi-tenant system, data for multiple tenants may be stored in the same physical database object, however, tenant data typically is arranged so that data of one tenant is kept logically separate from that of other tenants so that one tenant does not have access to another tenant\'s data, unless such data is expressly shared. In certain implementations, system 16 implements applications other than, or in addition to, a CRM application. For example, system 16 may provide tenant access to multiple hosted (standard and custom) applications, including a CRM application. User (or third party developer) applications, which may or may not include CRM, may be supported by the application platform 18, which manages creation, storage of the applications into one or more database objects and executing of the applications in a virtual machine in the process space of the system 16.

One arrangement for elements of system 16 is shown in FIG. 1A, including a network interface 20, application platform 18, tenant data storage 22 for tenant data 23, system data storage 24 for system data 25 accessible to system 16 and possibly multiple tenants, program code 26 for implementing various functions of system 16, and a process space 28 for executing MTS system processes and tenant-specific processes, such as running applications as part of an application hosting service. Additional processes that may execute on system 16 include database indexing processes.

Several elements in the system shown in FIG. 1A include conventional, well-known elements that are explained only briefly here. For example, each user system 12 could include a desktop personal computer, workstation, laptop, PDA, cell phone, or any wireless access protocol (WAP) enabled device or any other computing device capable of interfacing directly or indirectly to the Internet or other network connection. User system 12 typically runs an HTTP client, e.g., a browsing program, such as Microsoft\'s Internet Explorer browser, Netscape\'s Navigator browser, Opera\'s browser, or a WAP-enabled browser in the case of a cell phone, PDA or other wireless device, or the like, allowing a user (e.g., subscriber of the multi-tenant database system) of user system 12 to access, process and view information, pages and applications available to it from system 16 over network 14. Each user system 12 also typically includes one or more user interface devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, trackball, touch pad, touch screen, pen or the like, for interacting with a graphical user interface (GUI) provided by the browser on a display (e.g., a monitor screen, LCD display, etc.) in conjunction with pages, forms, applications and other information provided by system 16 or other systems or servers. For example, the user interface device can be used to access data and applications hosted by system 16, and to perform searches on stored data, and otherwise allow a user to interact with various GUI pages that may be presented to a user. As discussed above, implementations are suitable for use with the Internet, which refers to a specific global internetwork of networks. However, it should be understood that other networks can be used instead of the Internet, such as an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a non-TCP/IP based network, any LAN or WAN or the like.

According to one implementation, each user system 12 and all of its components are operator configurable using applications, such as a browser, including computer code run using a central processing unit such as an Intel Pentium® processor or the like. Similarly, system 16 (and additional instances of an MTS, where more than one is present) and all of their components might be operator configurable using application(s) including computer code to run using a central processing unit such as processor system 17, which may include an Intel Pentium® processor or the like, and/or multiple processor units. A computer program product implementation includes a machine-readable storage medium (media) having instructions stored thereon/in which can be used to program a computer to perform any of the processes of the implementations described herein. Computer code for operating and configuring system 16 to intercommunicate and to process webpages, applications and other data and media content as described herein are preferably downloaded and stored on a hard disk, but the entire program code, or portions thereof, may also be stored in any other volatile or non-volatile memory medium or device as is well known, such as a ROM or RAM, or provided on any media capable of storing program code, such as any type of rotating media including floppy disks, optical discs, digital versatile disk (DVD), compact disk (CD), microdrive, and magneto-optical disks, and magnetic or optical cards, nanosystems (including molecular memory ICs), or any type of media or device suitable for storing instructions and/or data. Additionally, the entire program code, or portions thereof, may be transmitted and downloaded from a software source over a transmission medium, e.g., over the Internet, or from another server, as is well known, or transmitted over any other conventional network connection as is well known (e.g., extranet, VPN, LAN, etc.) using any communication medium and protocols (e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS, Ethernet, etc.) as are well known. It will also be appreciated that computer code for implementing implementations of the present invention can be implemented in any programming language that can be executed on a client system and/or server or server system such as, for example, C, C++, HTML, any other markup language, Java™, JavaScript, ActiveX, any other scripting language, such as VBScript, and many other programming languages as are well known may be used. (Java™ is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.).

According to one implementation, each system 16 is configured to provide webpages, forms, applications, data and media content to user (client) systems 12 to support the access by user systems 12 as tenants of system 16. As such, system 16 provides security mechanisms to keep each tenant\'s data separate unless the data is shared. If more than one MTS is used, they may be located in close proximity to one another (e.g., in a server farm located in a single building or campus), or they may be distributed at locations remote from one another (e.g., one or more servers located in city A and one or more servers located in city B). As used herein, each MTS could include one or more logically and/or physically connected servers distributed locally or across one or more geographic locations. Additionally, the term “server” is meant to include a computer system, including processing hardware and process space(s), and an associated storage system and database application (e.g., OODBMS or RDBMS) as is well known in the art. It should also be understood that “server system” and “server” are often used interchangeably herein. Similarly, the database object described herein can be implemented as single databases, a distributed database, a collection of distributed databases, a database with redundant online or offline backups or other redundancies, etc., and might include a distributed database or storage network and associated processing intelligence.

FIG. 1B also illustrates environment 10. However, in FIG. 1B elements of system 16 and various interconnections in an implementation are further illustrated. FIG. 1B shows that user system 12 may include processor system 12A, memory system 12B, input system 12C, and output system 12D. FIG. 1B shows network 14 and system 16. FIG. 1B also shows that system 16 may include tenant data storage 22, tenant data 23, system data storage 24, system data 25, User Interface (UI) 30, Application Program Interface (API) 32, PL/SOQL 34, save routines 36, application setup mechanism 38, applications servers 1001-100N, system process space 102, tenant process spaces 104, tenant management process space 110, tenant storage area 112, user storage 114, and application metadata 116. In other implementations, environment 10 may not have the same elements as those listed above and/or may have other elements instead of, or in addition to, those listed above.

User system 12, network 14, system 16, tenant data storage 22, and system data storage 24 were discussed above in FIG. 1A. Regarding user system 12, processor system 12A may be any combination of one or more processors. Memory system 12B may be any combination of one or more memory devices, short term, and/or long term memory. Input system 12C may be any combination of input devices, such as one or more keyboards, mice, trackballs, scanners, cameras, and/or interfaces to networks. Output system 12D may be any combination of output devices, such as one or more monitors, printers, and/or interfaces to networks. As shown by FIG. 1B, system 16 may include a network interface 20 (of FIG. 1A) implemented as a set of HTTP application servers 100, an application platform 18, tenant data storage 22, and system data storage 24. Also shown is system process space 102, including individual tenant process spaces 104 and a tenant management process space 110. Each application server 100 may be configured to tenant data storage 22 and the tenant data 23 therein, and system data storage 24 and the system data 25 therein to serve requests of user systems 12. The tenant data 23 might be divided into individual tenant storage areas 112, which can be either a physical arrangement and/or a logical arrangement of data. Within each tenant storage area 112, user storage 114 and application metadata 116 might be similarly allocated for each user. For example, a copy of a user\'s most recently used (MRU) items might be stored to user storage 114. Similarly, a copy of MRU items for an entire organization that is a tenant might be stored to tenant storage area 112. A UI 30 provides a user interface and an API 32 provides an application programmer interface to system 16 resident processes to users and/or developers at user systems 12. The tenant data and the system data may be stored in various databases, such as one or more Oracle| databases.

Application platform 18 includes an application setup mechanism 38 that supports application developers\' creation and management of applications, which may be saved as metadata into tenant data storage 22 by save routines 36 for execution by subscribers as one or more tenant process spaces 104 managed by tenant management process 110 for example. Invocations to such applications may be coded using PL/SOQL 34 that provides a programming language style interface extension to API 32. A detailed description of some PL/SOQL language implementations is discussed in commonly owned U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/828,192 entitled, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR EXTENDING APIS TO EXECUTE IN CONJUNCTION WITH DATABASE APIS, by Craig Weissman, filed Oct. 4, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and for all purposes. Invocations to applications may be detected by one or more system processes, which manage retrieving application metadata 116 for the subscriber making the invocation and executing the metadata as an application in a virtual machine.

Each application server 100 may be communicably coupled to database systems, e.g., having access to system data 25 and tenant data 23, via a different network connection. For example, one application server 1001 might be coupled via the network 14 (e.g., the Internet), another application server 100N-1 might be coupled via a direct network link, and another application server 100N might be coupled by yet a different network connection. Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are typical protocols for communicating between application servers 100 and the database system. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that other transport protocols may be used to optimize the system depending on the network interconnect used.

In certain implementations, each application server 100 is configured to handle requests for any user associated with any organization that is a tenant. Because it is desirable to be able to add and remove application servers from the server pool at any time for any reason, there is preferably no server affinity for a user and/or organization to a specific application server 100. In one implementation, therefore, an interface system implementing a load balancing function (e.g., an F5 Big-IP load balancer) is communicably coupled between the application servers 100 and the user systems 12 to distribute requests to the application servers 100. In one implementation, the load balancer uses a least connections algorithm to route user requests to the application servers 100. Other examples of load balancing algorithms, such as round robin and observed response time, also can be used. For example, in certain implementations, three consecutive requests from the same user could hit three different application servers 100, and three requests from different users could hit the same application server 100. In this manner, system 16 is multi-tenant, wherein system 16 handles storage of, and access to, different objects, data and applications across disparate users and organizations.

As an example of storage, one tenant might be a company that employs a sales force where each salesperson uses system 16 to manage their sales process. Thus, a user might maintain contact data, leads data, customer follow-up data, performance data, goals and progress data, etc., all applicable to that user\'s personal sales process (e.g., in tenant data storage 22). In an example of a MTS arrangement, since all of the data and the applications to access, view, modify, report, transmit, calculate, etc., can be maintained and accessed by a user system having nothing more than network access, the user can manage his or her sales efforts and cycles from any of many different user systems. For example, if a salesperson is visiting a customer and the customer has Internet access in their lobby, the salesperson can obtain critical updates as to that customer while waiting for the customer to arrive in the lobby.

While each user\'s data might be separate from other users\' data regardless of the employers of each user, some data might be organization-wide data shared or accessible by a plurality of users or all of the users for a given organization that is a tenant. Thus, there might be some data structures managed by system 16 that are allocated at the tenant level while other data structures might be managed at the user level. Because an MTS might support multiple tenants including possible competitors, the MTS should have security protocols that keep data, applications, and application use separate. Also, because many tenants may opt for access to an MTS rather than maintain their own system, redundancy, up-time, and backup are additional functions that may be implemented in the MTS. In addition to user-specific data and tenant-specific data, system 16 might also maintain system level data usable by multiple tenants or other data. Such system level data might include industry reports, news, postings, and the like that are sharable among tenants.

In certain implementations, user systems 12 (which may be client systems) communicate with application servers 100 to request and update system-level and tenant-level data from system 16 that may require sending one or more queries to tenant data storage 22 and/or system data storage 24. System 16 (e.g., an application server 100 in system 16) automatically generates one or more SQL statements (e.g., one or more SQL queries) that are designed to access the desired information. System data storage 24 may generate query plans to access the requested data from the database.

Each database can generally be viewed as a collection of objects, such as a set of logical tables, containing data fitted into predefined categories. A “table” is one representation of a data object, and may be used herein to simplify the conceptual description of objects and custom objects according to implementations of the present invention. It should be understood that “table” and “object” may be used interchangeably herein. Each table generally contains one or more data categories logically arranged as columns or fields in a viewable schema. Each row or record of a table contains an instance of data for each category defined by the fields. For example, a CRM database may include a table that describes a customer with fields for basic contact information such as name, address, phone number, fax number, etc. Another table might describe a purchase order, including fields for information such as customer, product, sale price, date, etc. In some multi-tenant database systems, standard entity tables might be provided for use by all tenants. For CRM database applications, such standard entities might include tables for Account, Contact, Lead, and Opportunity data, each containing pre-defined fields. It should be understood that the word “entity” may also be used interchangeably herein with “object” and “table”.

In some multi-tenant database systems, tenants may be allowed to create and store custom objects, or they may be allowed to customize standard entities or objects, for example by creating custom fields for standard objects, including custom index fields. U.S. Pat. No. 7,779,039 by Weissman et al., filed Apr. 2, 2004, entitled “Custom Entities and Fields in a Multi-Tenant Database System”, and which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and for all purposes, teaches systems and methods for creating custom objects as well as customizing standard objects in a multi-tenant database system. In certain implementations, for example, all custom entity data rows are stored in a single multi-tenant physical table, which may contain multiple logical tables per organization. It is transparent to customers that their multiple “tables” are in fact stored in one large table or that their data may be stored in the same table as the data of other customers.

FIG. 2A shows a system diagram 200 illustrating architectural components of an on-demand service environment, in accordance with one implementation.

A client machine located in the cloud 204 (or Internet) may communicate with the on-demand service environment via one or more edge routers 208 and 212. The edge routers may communicate with one or more core switches 220 and 224 via firewall 216. The core switches may communicate with a load balancer 228, which may distribute server load over different pods, such as the pods 240 and 244. The pods 240 and 244, which may each include one or more servers and/or other computing resources, may perform data processing and other operations used to provide on-demand services. Communication with the pods may be conducted via pod switches 232 and 236. Components of the on-demand service environment may communicate with a database storage system 256 via a database firewall 248 and a database switch 252.

As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, accessing an on-demand service environment may involve communications transmitted among a variety of different hardware and/or software components. Further, the on-demand service environment 200 is a simplified representation of an actual on-demand service environment. For example, while only one or two devices of each type are shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, some implementations of an on-demand service environment may include anywhere from one to many devices of each type. Also, the on-demand service environment need not include each device shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, or may include additional devices not shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B.

Moreover, one or more of the devices in the on-demand service environment 200 may be implemented on the same physical device or on different hardware. Some devices may be implemented using hardware or a combination of hardware and software. Thus, terms such as “data processing apparatus,” “machine,” “server” and “device” as used herein are not limited to a single hardware device, but rather include any hardware and software configured to provide the described functionality.

The cloud 204 is intended to refer to a data network or plurality of data networks, often including the Internet. Client machines located in the cloud 204 may communicate with the on-demand service environment to access services provided by the on-demand service environment. For example, client machines may access the on-demand service environment to retrieve, store, edit, and/or process information.

In some implementations, the edge routers 208 and 212 route packets between the cloud 204 and other components of the on-demand service environment 200. The edge routers 208 and 212 may employ the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). The BGP is the core routing protocol of the Internet. The edge routers 208 and 212 may maintain a table of IP networks or ‘prefixes’ which designate network reachability among autonomous systems on the Internet.

In one or more implementations, the firewall 216 may protect the inner components of the on-demand service environment 200 from Internet traffic. The firewall 216 may block, permit, or deny access to the inner components of the on-demand service environment 200 based upon a set of rules and other criteria. The firewall 216 may act as one or more of a packet filter, an application gateway, a stateful filter, a proxy server, or any other type of firewall.

In some implementations, the core switches 220 and 224 are high-capacity switches that transfer packets within the on-demand service environment 200. The core switches 220 and 224 may be configured as network bridges that quickly route data between different components within the on-demand service environment. In some implementations, the use of two or more core switches 220 and 224 may provide redundancy and/or reduced latency.

In some implementations, the pods 240 and 244 may perform the core data processing and service functions provided by the on-demand service environment. Each pod may include various types of hardware and/or software computing resources. An example of the pod architecture is discussed in greater detail with reference to FIG. 2B.

In some implementations, communication between the pods 240 and 244 may be conducted via the pod switches 232 and 236. The pod switches 232 and 236 may facilitate communication between the pods 240 and 244 and client machines located in the cloud 204, for example via core switches 220 and 224. Also, the pod switches 232 and 236 may facilitate communication between the pods 240 and 244 and the database storage 256.

In some implementations, the load balancer 228 may distribute workload between the pods 240 and 244. Balancing the on-demand service requests between the pods may assist in improving the use of resources, increasing throughput, reducing response times, and/or reducing overhead. The load balancer 228 may include multilayer switches to analyze and forward traffic.

In some implementations, access to the database storage 256 may be guarded by a database firewall 248. The database firewall 248 may act as a computer application firewall operating at the database application layer of a protocol stack. The database firewall 248 may protect the database storage 256 from application attacks such as structure query language (SQL) injection, database rootkits, and unauthorized information disclosure.

In some implementations, the database firewall 248 may include a host using one or more forms of reverse proxy services to proxy traffic before passing it to a gateway router. The database firewall 248 may inspect the contents of database traffic and block certain content or database requests. The database firewall 248 may work on the SQL application level atop the TCP/IP stack, managing applications\' connection to the database or SQL management interfaces as well as intercepting and enforcing packets traveling to or from a database network or application interface.

In some implementations, communication with the database storage system 256 may be conducted via the database switch 252. The multi-tenant database system 256 may include more than one hardware and/or software components for handling database queries. Accordingly, the database switch 252 may direct database queries transmitted by other components of the on-demand service environment (e.g., the pods 240 and 244) to the correct components within the database storage system 256.

In some implementations, the database storage system 256 is an on-demand database system shared by many different organizations. The on-demand database system may employ a multi-tenant approach, a virtualized approach, or any other type of database approach. An on-demand database system is discussed in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B.

FIG. 2B shows a system diagram illustrating the architecture of the pod 244, in accordance with one implementation. The pod 244 may be used to render services to a user of the on-demand service environment 200.

In some implementations, each pod may include a variety of servers and/or other systems. The pod 244 includes one or more content batch servers 264, content search servers 268, query servers 272, file force servers 276, access control system (ACS) servers 280, batch servers 284, and app servers 288. Also, the pod 244 includes database instances 290, quick file systems (QFS) 292, and indexers 294. In one or more implementations, some or all communication between the servers in the pod 244 may be transmitted via the switch 236.

In some implementations, the application servers 288 may include a hardware and/or software framework dedicated to the execution of procedures (e.g., programs, routines, scripts) for supporting the construction of applications provided by the on-demand service environment 200 via the pod 244. Some such procedures may include operations for providing the services described herein, such as performing the methods/processes described below with reference to FIGS. 15-21 and 37-40. In alternative implementations, two or more app servers 288 may be included and cooperate to perform such methods, or one or more other servers in FIG. 2B can be configured to perform the disclosed methods described below.

The content batch servers 264 may requests internal to the pod. These requests may be long-running and/or not tied to a particular customer. For example, the content batch servers 264 may handle requests related to log mining, cleanup work, and maintenance tasks.

The content search servers 268 may provide query and indexer functions. For example, the functions provided by the content search servers 268 may allow users to search through content stored in the on-demand service environment.

The Fileforce servers 276 may manage requests information stored in the Fileforce storage 278. The Fileforce storage 278 may store information such as documents, images, and basic large objects (BLOBs). By managing requests for information using the Fileforce servers 276, the image footprint on the database may be reduced.

The query servers 272 may be used to retrieve information from one or more file systems. For example, the query system 272 may receive requests for information from the app servers 288 and then transmit information queries to the NFS 296 located outside the pod.

The pod 244 may share a database instance 290 configured as a multi-tenant environment in which different organizations share access to the same database. Additionally, services rendered by the pod 244 may require various hardware and/or software resources. In some implementations, the ACS servers 280 may control access to data, hardware resources, or software resources.

In some implementations, the batch servers 284 may process batch jobs, which are used to run tasks at specified times. Thus, the batch servers 284 may transmit instructions to other servers, such as the app servers 288, to trigger the batch jobs.

In some implementations, the QFS 292 may be an open source file system available from Sun Microsystems® of Santa Clara, Calif. The QFS may serve as a rapid-access file system for storing and accessing information available within the pod 244. The QFS 292 may support some volume management capabilities, allowing many disks to be grouped together into a file system. File system metadata can be kept on a separate set of disks, which may be useful for streaming applications where long disk seeks cannot be tolerated. Thus, the QFS system may communicate with one or more content search servers 268 and/or indexers 294 to identify, retrieve, move, and/or update data stored in the network file systems 296 and/or other storage systems.

In some implementations, one or more query servers 272 may communicate with the NFS 296 to retrieve and/or update information stored outside of the pod 244. The NFS 296 may allow servers located in the pod 244 to access information to access files over a network in a manner similar to how local storage is accessed.

In some implementations, queries from the query servers 222 may be transmitted to the NFS 296 via the load balancer 220, which may distribute resource requests over various resources available in the on-demand service environment. The NFS 296 may also communicate with the QFS 292 to update the information stored on the NFS 296 and/or to provide information to the QFS 292 for use by servers located within the pod 244.

In some implementations, the pod may include one or more database instances 290. The database instance 290 may transmit information to the QFS 292. When information is transmitted to the QFS, it may be available for use by servers within the pod 244 without requiring an additional database call.

In some implementations, database information may be transmitted to the indexer 294. Indexer 294 may provide an index of information available in the database 290 and/or QFS 292. The index information may be provided to file force servers 276 and/or the QFS 292.

III. Tracking Updates to a Record Stored in a Database

As multiple users might be able to change the data of a record, it can be useful for certain users to be notified when a record is updated. Also, even if a user does not have authority to change a record, the user still might want to know when there is an update. For example, a vendor may negotiate a new price with a salesperson of company X, where the salesperson is a user associated with tenant X. As part of creating a new invoice or for accounting purposes, the salesperson can change the price saved in the database. It may be important for co-workers to know that the price has changed. The salesperson could send an e-mail to certain people, but this is onerous and the salesperson might not e-mail all of the people who need to know or want to know. Accordingly, implementations can inform others (e.g. co-workers) who want to know about an update to a record automatically.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a method 300 for tracking updates to a record stored in a database system according to implementations. In some implementations, method 300 (and other methods described herein) may be implemented at least partially with multi-tenant database system 16, e.g., by one or more processors configured to receive or retrieve information, process the information, store results, and the transmit the results. In other implementations, method 300 may be implemented at least partially with a single tenant database system. In various implementations, steps may be omitted, combined, or split into additional steps for method 300, as well as for other methods described herein.

In step 310, the database system receives a request to update a first record. In one implementation, the request is received from a first user. For example, a user may be accessing a page associated with the first record, and may change a displayed field and hit save. In another implementation, the database system can automatically create the request. For instance, the database system can create the request in response to another event, e.g., a request to change a field could be sent periodically at a particular date and/or time of day, or a change to another field or object. The database system can obtain a new value based on other fields of a record and/or based on parameters in the system.

The request for the update of a field of a record is an example of an event associated with the first record for which a feed tracked update may be created. In other implementations, the database system can identify other events besides updates to fields of a record. For example, an event can be a submission of approval to change a field. Such an event can also have an associated field (e.g., a field showing a status of whether a change has been submitted). Other examples of events can include creation of a record, deletion of a record, converting a record from one type to another (e.g. converting a lead to an opportunity), closing a record (e.g. a case type record), and potentially any state change of a record—any of which could include a field change associated with the state change. Any of these events update the record whether by changing a field of the record, a state of the record, or some other characteristic or property of the record. In one implementation, a list of supported events for creating a feed tracked update can be maintained within the database system, e.g., at a server or in a database.

In step 320, the database system writes new data to the first record. In one implementation, the new data may include a new value that replaces old data. For example, a field is updated with a new value. In another implementation, the new data can be a value for a field that did not contain data before. In yet another implementation, the new data could be a flag, e.g., for a status of the record, which can be stored as a field of the record.

In some implementations, a “field” can also include records that are child objects of the first record. A child object itself can include further fields. Thus, if a field of a child object is updated with a new value, the parent record also can be considered to have a field changed. In one example, a field could be a list of related child objects, also called a related list.

In step 330, a feed tracked update is generated about the update to the record. In one implementation, the feed tracked update is created in parts for assembling later into a display version. For example, event entries can be created and tracked in one table, and changed field entries can be tracked in another table that is cross-referenced with the first table. More specifics of such implementations are provided later, e.g., with respect to FIG. 9A. In another implementation, the feed tracked update is automatically generated by the database system. The feed tracked update can convey in words that the first record has been updated and provide details about what was updated in the record and who performed the update. In some implementations, a feed tracked update is generated for only certain types of event and/or updates associated with the first record.

In one implementation, a tenant (e.g. through an administrator) can configure the database system to create (enable) feed tracked updates only for certain types of records. For example, an administrator can specify that records of type Account and Opportunity are enabled. When an update (or other event) is received for the enabled record type, then a feed tracked update would be generated. In another implementation, a tenant can also specify the fields of a record whose changes are to be tracked, and for which feed tracked updates are created. In one aspect, a maximum number of fields can be specified for tracking, and may include custom fields. In one implementation, the type of change can also be specified, for example, that the value change of a field is required to be larger than a threshold (e.g. an absolute amount or a percentage change). In yet another implementation, a tenant can specify which events are to cause a generation of a feed tracked update. Also, in one implementation, individual users can specify configurations specific to them, which can create custom feeds as described in more detail below.

In one implementation, changes to fields of a child object are not tracked to create feed tracked updates for the parent record. In another implementation, the changes to fields of a child object can be tracked to create feed tracked updates for the parent record. For example, a child object of the parent type can be specified for tracking, and certain fields of the child object can be specified for tracking. As another example, if the child object is of a type specified for tracking, then a tracked change for the child object is propagated to parent records of the child object.

In step 340, the feed tracked update is added to a feed for the first record. In one implementation, adding the feed tracked update to a feed can include adding events to a table (which may be specific to a record or be for all or a group of objects), where a display version of a feed tracked update can be performed dynamically when a user requests a feed for the first record. In another implementation, a display version of a feed tracked update can be added when a record feed is stored and maintained for a record. As mentioned above, a feed may be maintained for only certain records. In one implementation, the feed of a record can be stored in the database associated with the feed. For example, the feed can be stored as a field (e.g. as a child object) of the record. Such a field can store a pointer to the text to be displayed for the feed tracked update.

In some implementations, only the current feed tracked update (or other current feed item) may be kept or temporarily stored, e.g., in some temporary memory structure. For example, a feed tracked update for only a most recent change to any particular field is kept. In other implementations, many previous feed tracked updates may be kept in the feed. A time and/or date for each feed tracked update can be tracked. Herein, a feed of a record is also referred to as an entity feed, as a record is an instance of a particular entity object of the database.

In step 350, followers of the first record can be identified. A follower is a user following (subscribing to a feed of) the first record. In one implementation, when a user requests a feed of a particular record such an identification need not be done. In another implementation where a record feed is pushed to a user (e.g. as part of a news feed), then the user can be identified as a follower of the first record. Accordingly, this step can be the identification of records and other objects being followed by a particular user.

In one implementation, the database system can store a list of the followers for a particular record. In various implementations, the list can be stored with the first record or associated with the record using an identifier (e.g. a pointer) to retrieve the list. For example, the list can be stored in a field of the first record. In another implementation, a list of the records that a user is following is used. In one implementation, the database system can have a routine that runs for each user, where the routine polls the records in the list to determine if a new feed tracked update has been added to a feed of the record. In another implementation, the routine for the user can be running at least partially on a user device, which contacts the database to perform the polling.

In step 360, in one implementation, the feed tracked update can be stored in a table, as described in greater detail below. When the user opens a feed, an appropriate query is sent to one or more tables to retrieve updates to records, also described in greater detail below. In some implementations, the feed shows feed tracked updates in reverse chronological order. In one implementation, the feed tracked update is pushed to the feed of a user, e.g., by a routine that determines the followers for the record from a list associated with the record. In another implementation, the feed tracked update is pulled to a feed, e.g., by a user device. This pulling may occur when a user requests the feed, as occurs in step 370. Thus, these actions may occur in a different order. The creation of the feed for a pull may be a dynamic creation that identifies records being followed by the requesting user, generates the display version of relevant feed tracked updates from stored information (e.g. event and field change), and adds the feed tracked updates into the feed. A feed of feed tracked updates of records and other objects that a user is following is also called a news feed.

In yet another implementation, the feed tracked update could be sent as an e-mail to the follower, instead of in a feed. In one implementation, e-mail alerts for events can enable people to be e-mailed when certain events occur. In another implementation, e-mails can be sent when there are posts on a user profile and posts on entities to which the user subscribes. In one implementation, a user can turn on/off email alerts for all or some events. In an implementation, a user can specify what kind of feed tracked updates to receive about a record that the user is following. For example, a user can choose to only receive feed tracked updates about certain fields of a record that the user is following, and potentially about what kind of update was performed (e.g. a new value input into a specified field, or the creation of a new field).

In step 370, a follower can access his/her news feed to see the feed tracked update. In one implementation, the user has just one news feed for all of the records that the user is following. In one aspect, a user can access his/her own feed by selecting a particular tab or other object on a page of an interface to the database system. Once selected the feed can be provided as a list, e.g., with an identifier (e.g. a time) or including some or all of the text of the feed tracked update. In another implementation, the user can specify how the feed tracked updates are to be displayed and/or sent to the user. For example, a user can specify a font for the text, a location of where the feed can be selected and displayed, amount of text to be displayed, and other text or symbols to be displayed (e.g. importance flags).

FIG. 4 is a block diagram 400 of components of a database system performing a method for tracking an update to a record according to implementations. Block diagram 400 can perform implementations of method 300, as well as implementations of other method described herein.

A first user 405 sends a request 1 to update record 425 in database system 416. Although an update request is described, other events that are being tracked are equally applicable. In various implementations, the request 1 can be sent via a user interface (e.g. 30 of FIG. 1B) or an application program interface (e.g. API 32). An I/O port 420 can accommodate the signals of request 1 via any input interface, and send the signals to one or more processors 417. The processor 417 can analyze the request and determine actions to be performed. Herein, any reference to a processor 417 can refer to a specific processor or any set of processors in database system 416, which can be collectively referred to as processor 417.

Processor 417 can determine an identifier for record 425, and send commands 2 with the new data to record database 412 to update record 425. In one implementation, record database 412 is where tenant data 112 is stored. The request 1 and new data commands 2 can be encapsulated in a single write transaction sent to record database 412. In one implementation, multiple changes to records in the database can be made in a single write transaction.

Processor 417 can also analyze request 1 to determine whether a feed tracked update is to be created, which at this point may include determining whether the event (e.g. a change to a particular field) is to be tracked. This determination can be based on an interaction (i.e. an exchange of data) with record database 412 and/or other databases, or based on information stored locally (e.g. in cache or RAM) at processor 417. In one implementation, a list of record types that are being tracked can be stored. The list may be different for each tenant, e.g. as each tenant may configure the database system to their own specifications. Thus, if the record 425 is of a type not being tracked, then the determination of whether to create a feed tracked update can stop there.

The same list or a second list (which can be stored in a same location or a different location) can also include the fields and/or events that are tracked for the record types in the first list. This list can be searched to determine if the event is being tracked. A list may also contain information having the granularity of listing specific records that are to be tracked (e.g. if a tenant can specify the particular records to be tracked, as opposed to just type).

As an example, processor 417 may obtain an identifier associated with record 425 (e.g. obtained from request 1 or database 412), potentially along with a tenant identifier, and cross-reference the identifier with a list of records for which feed tracked updates are to be created. Specifically, the record identifier can be used to determine the record type and a list of tracked types can be searched for a match. The specific record may also be checked if such individual record tracking was enabled. The name of the field to be changed can also be used to search a list of tracking-enabled fields. Other criteria besides field and events can be used to determine whether a feed tracked update is created, e.g., type of change in the field. If a feed tracked update is to be generated, processor 417 can then generate the feed tracked update.

In some implementations, a feed tracked update is created dynamically when a feed (e.g. the entity feed of record 425) is requested. Thus, in one implementation, a feed tracked update can be created when a user requests the entity feed for record 425. In this implementation, the feed tracked update may be created (e.g. assembled), including re-created, each time the entity feed is to be displayed to any user. In one implementation, one or more hifeed tracked update tables can keep track of previous events so that the feed tracked update can be re-created.

In another implementation, a feed tracked update can be created at the time the event occurs, and the feed tracked update can be added to a list of feed items. The list of feed items may be specific to record 425, or may be an aggregate of feed items including feed items for many records. Such an aggregate list can include a record identifier so that the feed items for the entity feed of record 425 can be easily retrieved. For example, after the feed tracked update has been generated, processor 417 can add the new feed tracked update 3 to a feed of record 425. As mentioned above, in one implementation, the feed can be stored in a field (e.g. as a child object) of record 425. In another implementation, the feed can be stored in another location or in another database, but with a link (e.g. a connecting identifier) to record 425. The feed can be organized in various ways, e.g., as a linked list, an array, or other data structure.

A second user 430 can access the new feed tracked update 3 in various ways. In one implementation, second user 430 can send a request 4 for the record feed. For example, second user 430 can access a home page (detail page) of the record 425 (e.g. with a query or by browsing), and the feed can be obtained through a tab, button, or other activation object on the page. The feed can be displayed on the screen or downloaded.

In another implementation, processor 417 can add the new feed tracked update in a step 5 to a feed (e.g. a news feed) of a user that is following record 425. In one implementation, processor 417 can determine each of the followers of record 425 by accessing a list of the users that have been registered as followers. This determination can be done for each new event (e.g. update 1). In another implementation, processor 417 can poll (e.g. with a query) the records that second user 430 is following to determine when new feed tracked updates (or other feed items) are available. Processor 417 can use a follower profile 435 of second user 430, which can contain a list of the records that the second user 430 is following. Such a list can be contained in other parts of the database as well. Second user 430 can then send a request 6 to his/her profile 435 to obtain a feed, which contains the new feed tracked update. The user\'s profile 435 can be stored in a profile database 414, which can be the same or different than database 412.

In some implementations, a user can define a news feed to include new feed tracked updates from various records, which may be limited to a maximum number. In one implementation, each user has one news feed. In another implementation, the follower profile 435 can include the specifications of each of the records to be followed (with the criteria for what feed tracked updates are to be provided and how they are displayed), as well as the feed.

Some implementations can provide various types of record (entity) feeds. Entity Feeds can exist for records like Account, Opportunity, Case, and Contact. An entity feed can tell a user about the actions that people have taken on that particular record or on one its related records. The entity feed can include who made the action, which field was changed, and the old and new values. In one implementation, entity feeds can exist on all supported records as a list that is linked to the specific record. For example, a feed could be stored in a field that allows lists (e.g. linked lists) or as a child object.

IV. Tracking Actions of a User

In addition to knowing about events associated with a particular record, it can be helpful for a user to know what a particular user is doing. In particular, it might be nice to know what the user is doing without the user having to generate the feed tracked update (e.g. a user submitting a synopsis of what the user has done). Accordingly, implementations can automatically track actions of a user that trigger events, and feed tracked updates can be generated for certain events.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method 500 for tracking actions of a user of a database system according to implementations. Method 500 may be performed in addition to method 300. The methods of implementing method 300, including order of steps, can also be applied to method 500 and other methods described herein. Thus, a feed can be composed of changes to a record and actions of users.

In step 510, a database system (e.g. 16) identifies an action of a first user. In one implementation, the action triggers an event, and the event is identified. For example, the action of a user requesting an update to a record can be identified, where the event is receiving a request or is the resulting update of a record. The action may thus be defined by the resulting event. In another implementation, only certain types of actions (events) are identified. Which actions are identified can be set as a default or can be configurable by a tenant, or even configurable at a user level. In this way, processing effort can be reduced since only some actions are identified.

In step 520, it is determined whether the event qualifies for a feed tracked update. In one implementation, a predefined list of events (e.g. as mentioned herein) can be created so that only certain actions are identified. In one implementation, an administrator (or other user) of a tenant can specify the type of actions (events) for which a feed tracked update is to be generated. This step may also be performed for method 300.

In step 530, a feed tracked update is generated about the action. In an example where the action is an update of a record, the feed tracked update can be similar or the same as the feed tracked update created for the record. The description can be altered though to focus on the user as opposed to the record. For example, “John D. has closed a new opportunity for account XYZ” as opposed to “an opportunity has been closed for account XYZ.”

In step 540, the feed tracked update is added to a profile feed of the first user when, e.g., the user clicks on a tab to open a page in a browser program displaying the feed. In one implementation, a feed for a particular user can be accessed on a page of the user\'s profile, in a similar manner as a record feed can be accessed on a detail page of the record. In another implementation, the first user may not have a profile feed and the feed tracked update may just be stored temporarily before proceeding. A profile feed of a user can be stored associated with the user\'s profile. This profile feed can be added to a news feed of another user.

In step 550, followers of the first user are identified. In one implementation, a user can specify which type of actions other users can follow. Similarly, in one implementation, a follower can select what actions by a user the follower wants to follow. In an implementation where different followers follow different types of actions, which users are followers of that user and the particular action can be identified, e.g., using various lists that track what actions and criteria are being followed by a particular user. In various implementations, the followers of the first user can be identified in a similar manner as followers of a record, as described above for step 350.

In step 560, the feed tracked update is added to a news feed of each follower of the first user when, e.g., the follower clicks on a tab to open a page displaying the news feed. The feed tracked update can be added in a similar manner as the feed items for a record feed. The news feed can contain feed tracked updates both about users and records. In another implementation, a user can specify what kind of feed tracked updates to receive about a user that the user is following. For example, a user could specify feed tracked updates with particular keywords, of certain types of records, of records owned or created by certain users, particular fields, and other criteria as mentioned herein.

In step 570, a follower accesses the news feed and sees the feed tracked update. In one implementation, the user has just one news feed for all of the records that the user is following. In another implementation, a user can access his/her own feed (i.e. feed about his/her own actions) by selecting a particular tab or other object on a page of an interface to the database system. Thus, a feed can include feed tracked updates about what other users are doing in the database system. When a user becomes aware of a relevant action of another user, the user can contact the co-worker, thereby fostering teamwork.

V. Generation of a Feed Tracked Update

As described above, some implementations can generate text describing events (e.g. updates) that have occurred for a record and actions by a user that trigger an event. A database system can be configured to generate the feed tracked updates for various events in various ways.

A. Which Events to Generate a Feed Tracked Update

In a database system, there are various events that can be detected. However, the operator of the database system and/or a tenant may not want to detect every possible event as this could be costly with regards to performance. Accordingly, the operator and/or the tenant can configure the database system to only detect certain events. For example, an update of a record may be an event that is to be detected.

Out of the events that are detected, a tenant (including a specific user of the tenant) may not want a feed tracked update about each detected event. For example, all updates to a record may be identified at a first level. Then, based on specifications of an administrator and/or a specific user of a tenant, another level of inquiry can be made as to whether a feed tracked update is to be generated about the detected event. For example, the events that qualify for a feed tracked update can be restricted to changes for only certain fields of the record, which can differ depending on which user is receiving the feed. In one implementation, a database system can track whether an event qualifies for a feed tracked update for any user, and once the feed tracked update is generated, it can be determined who is to receive the feed tracked update.

Supported events (events for which a feed tracked update is generated) can include actions for standard fields, custom fields, and standard related lists. Regarding standard fields, for the entity feed and the profile feed, a standard field update can trigger a feed tracked update to be published to that feed. In one implementation, which standard field can create a feed tracked update can be set by an administrator to be the same for every user. In another implementation, a user can set which standard fields create a feed tracked update for that user\'s news feed. Custom fields can be treated the same or differently than standard fields.

The generation of a feed item can also depend on a relationship of an object to other objects (e.g. parent-child relationships). For example, if a child object is updated, a feed tracked update may be written to a feed of a parent of the child object. The level of relationship can be configured, e.g., only 1 level of separation (i.e. no grandparent-grandchild relationship). Also, in one implementation, a feed tracked update is generated only for objects above the objects being updated, i.e., a feed tracked update is not written for a child when the parent is updated.

In some implementations, for related lists of a record, a feed tracked update is written to its parent record (1 level only) when the related list item is added, and not when the list item is changed or deleted. For example: user A added a new opportunity XYZ for account ABC. In this manner, entity feeds can be controlled so as not to be cluttered with feed tracked updates about changes to their related items. Any changes to the related list item can be tracked on their own entity feed, if that related list item has a feed on it. In this implementation, if a user wants to see a feed of the related list item then the user can subscribe to it. Such a subscription might be when a user cares about a specific opportunity related to a specific account. A user can also browse to that object\'s entity feed. Other implementations can create a feed tracked update when a related entity is changed or deleted.

In one implementation, an administrator (of the system or of a specific tenant) can define which events of which related objects are to have feed tracked updates written about them in a parent record. In another implementation, a user can define which related object events to show. In one implementation, there are two types of related lists of related objects: first class lookup and second class lookup. Each of the records in the related lists can have a different rule for whether a feed tracked update is generated for a parent record. Each of these related lists can be composed as custom related lists. In various implementations, a custom related list can be composed of custom objects, the lists can contain a variety of records or items (e.g. not restricted to a particular type of record or item), and can be displayed in a customized manner.

In one implementation, a first class lookup contains records of a child record that can exist by itself. For example, the contacts on an account exist as a separate record and also as a child record of the account. In another implementation, a record in a first class lookup can have its own feed, which can be displayed on its detail page.

In one implementation, a second class lookup can have line items existing only in the context of their parent record (e.g. activities on an opportunity, contact roles on opportunity/contact). In one implementation, the line items are not objects themselves, and thus there is no detail page, and no place to put a feed. In another implementation, a change in a second class lookup can be reported on the feed of the parent.

Some implementations can also create feed tracked updates for dependent field changes. A dependent field change is a field that changes value when another field changes, and thus the field has a value that is dependent on the value of the other field. For example, a dependent field might be a sum (or other formula) that totals values in other fields, and thus the dependent field would change when one of the fields being summed changes. Accordingly, in one implementation, a change in one field could create feed tracked updates for multiple fields. In other implementations, feed tracked updates are not created for dependent fields.

B. How the Feed Tracked Update is Generated

After it is determined that a feed tracked update is going to be generated, some implementations can also determine how the feed tracked update is generated. In one implementation, different methods can be used for different events, e.g., in a similar fashion as for the configurability of which events feed tracked updates are generated. A feed tracked update can also include a description of multiple events (e.g. john changed the account status and amount).

In one implementation, the feed tracked update is a grammatical sentence, thereby being easily understandable by a person. In another implementation, the feed tracked update provides detailed information about the update. In various examples, an old value and new value for a field may be included in the feed tracked update, an action for the update may be provided (e.g. submitted for approval), and the names of particular users that are responsible for replying or acting on the feed tracked update may be also provided. The feed tracked update can also have a level of importance based on settings chosen by the administrator, a particular user requesting an update, or by a following user who is to receive the feed tracked update, which fields is updated, a percentage of the change in a field, the type of event, or any combination of these factors.

The system may have a set of heuristics for creating a feed tracked update from the event (e.g. a request to update). For example, the subject may be the user, the record, or a field being added or changed. The verb can be based on the action requested by the user, which can be selected from a list of verbs (which may be provided as defaults or input by an administrator of a tenant). In one implementation, feed tracked updates can be generic containers with formatting restrictions,

As an example of a creation of a new record, “Mark Abramowitz created a new Opportunity IBM-20,000 laptops with Amount as $3.5M and Sam Palmisano as Decision Maker.” This event can be posted to the profile feed for Mark Abramowitz and the entity feed for record of Opportunity for IBM-20,000 laptops. The pattern can be given by (AgentFullName) created a new (ObjectName)(RecordName) with [(FieldName) as (FieldValue) [, /and]]* [[added/changed/removed] (RelatedListRecordName) [as/to/as] (RelatedListRecordValue) [, /and]]*. Similar patterns can be formed for a changed field (standard or custom) and an added child record to a related list.

VI. Tracking Commentary from or about a User

Some implementations can also have a user submit text, instead of the database system generating a feed tracked update. As the text is submitted by users, the text (also referred generally as messages) can be about any topic. Thus, more information than just actions of a user and events of a record can be conveyed. In one implementation, the messages can be used to ask a question about a particular record, and users following the record can provide responses (comments).

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a method 600 for creating a news feed that includes messages associated with a first user according to implementations. In one implementation, method 600 can be combined with methods 300 and 500. In one aspect, a message can be associated with the first user when the first user creates the message (e.g. a post or comment about a record or another user). In another aspect, a message can be associated with the first user when the message is about the first user (e.g. posted by another user on the first user\'s profile feed).

In step 610, database system receives a message (e.g. a post or status) associated with a first user. The message (e.g. a post or status update) can contain text submitted by another user or by the first user. In one implementation, a post is for a section of the first user\'s profile where any user can add a post, and where multiple posts can exist. Thus, a post can appear on the first user\'s profile and can be viewed when the first user\'s profile is visited. For a message about a record, the post can appear on a detail page of a record. Note the message can appear in other feeds as well. In another implementation, a status update about the first user can only be added by the first user. In one implementation, a user can only have one status message.

In step 620, the message is added to a table, as described in greater detail below. When the feed is opened, a query filters one or more tables to identify the first user, identify other persons that the user is following, and retrieve the message. Messages and record updates are presented in a combined list as the feed. In this way, in one implementation, the message can be added to a profile feed of the first user, which is associated (e.g. as a related list) with the first user\'s profile. In one implementation, the posts are listed indefinitely. In another implementation, only the most recent posts (e.g. last 50) are kept in the profile feed. Such implementations can also be employed with feed tracked updates. In yet another implementation, the message can be added to a profile of the user adding the message.

In step 630, database system identifies followers of the first user. In one implementation, the database system can identify the followers as described above for method 500. In various implementations, a follower can select to follow a feed about the actions of the first user, messages about the first user, or both (potentially in a same feed).

In step 640, the message is added to a news feed of each follower. In one implementation, the message is only added to a news feed of a particular follower if the message matches some criteria, e.g., the message includes a particular keyword or other criteria. In another implementation, a message can be deleted by the user who created the message. In one implementation, once deleted by the author, the message is deleted from all feeds to which the message had been added.

In step 650, the follower accesses a news feed and sees the message. For example, the follower can access a news feed on the user\'s own profile page. As another example, the follower can have a news feed sent to his/her own desktop without having to first go to a home page.

In step 660, database system receives a comment about the message. The database system can add the comment to a feed of the same first user, much as the original message was added. In one implementation, the comment can also be added to a feed of the user adding the comment. In one implementation, users can also reply to the comment. In another implementation, users can add comments to a feed tracked update, and further comments can be associated with the feed tracked update. In yet another implementation, making a comment or message is not an action to which a feed tracked update is created. Thus, the message may be the only feed item created from such an action.

In one implementation, if a feed tracked update (or post) is deleted, its corresponding comments are deleted as well. In another implementation, new comments on a feed tracked update (or post) do not update the feed tracked update timestamp. Also, the feed tracked update or post can continue to be shown in a feed (profile feed, record feed, or news feed) if it has had a comment within a specified timeframe (e.g. within the last week). Otherwise, the feed tracked update (post) can be removed in an implementation.

In some implementations, all or most feed tracked updates can be commented on. In other implementations, feed tracked updates for certain records (e.g. cases or ideas) are not commentable. In various implementations, comments can be made for any one or more records of opportunities, accounts, contacts, leads, and custom objects.

In step 670, the comment is added to a news feed of each follower. In one implementation, a user can make the comment within the user\'s news feed. Such a comment can propagate to the appropriate profile feed or record feed, and then to the news feeds of the following users. Thus, feeds can include what people are saying, as well as what they are doing. In one aspect, feeds are a way to stay up-to-date (e.g. on users, opportunities, etc.) as well as an opportunity to reach out to your co workers/partners and engage them around common goals.

In some implementations, users can rate feed tracked updates or messages (including comments). A user can choose to prioritize a display of a feed so that higher rated feed items show up higher on a display. For example, in an implementation where comments are answers to a specific question, users can rate the different status posts so that a best answer can be identified. As another example, users are able to quickly identify feed items that are most important as those feed items can be displayed at a top of a list. The order of the feed items can be based on an importance level (which can be determined by the database system using various factors, some of which are mentioned herein) and based on a rating from users. In one implementation, the rating is on a scale that includes at least 3 values. In another implementation, the rating is based on a binary scale.

Besides a profile for a user, a group can also be created. In various implementations, the group can be created based on certain criteria that are common to the users, can be created by inviting users, or can be created by receiving requests to join from a user. In one implementation, a group feed can be created, with messages being added to the group feed when someone adds a message to the group as a whole. For example, a group page may have a section for posts. In another implementation, a message can be added to a group feed when a message is added about any one of the members. In yet another implementation, a group feed can include feed tracked updates about actions of the group as a whole (e.g. when an administrator changes data in a group profile or a record owned by the group), or about actions of an individual member.

FIG. 7 shows an example of a group feed on a group page according to implementations. As shown, a feed item 710 shows that a user has posted a document to the group object. The text “Bill Bauer has posted the document Competitive Insights” can be generated by the database system in a similar manner as feed tracked updates about a record being changed. A feed item 720 shows a post to the group, along with comments 730.

FIG. 8 shows an example of a record feed containing a feed tracked update, post, and comments according to implementations. Feed item 810 shows a feed tracked update based on the event of submitting a discount for approval. Other feed items show posts that are made to the record and comments that are made on the posts.

VII. Infrastructure for a Feed

A. Tables Used to Create a Feed

FIG. 9A shows a plurality of tables that may be used in tracking events and creating feeds according to implementations. The tables of FIG. 9A may have entries added, or potentially removed, as part of tracking events in the database from which feed items are creates or that correspond to feed items. In one implementation, each tenant has its own set of tables that are created based on criteria provided by the tenant.

An event hifeed tracked update table 910 can provide a hifeed tracked update of events from which feed items are created. In one aspect, the events are for objects that are being tracked. Thus, table 910 can store change hifeed tracked updates for feeds, and the changes can be persisted. In various implementations, event hifeed tracked update table 910 can have columns of event ID 911, object ID 912 (also called parent ID), and created by ID 913. The event ID 911 can uniquely identify a particular event and can start at 1 (or other number or value).

Each new event can be added chronologically with a new event ID, which may be incremented in order. An object ID 912 can be used to track which record or user\'s profile is being changed. For example, the object ID can correspond to the record whose field is being changed or the user whose feed is receiving a post. The created by ID 913 can track the user who is performing the action that results in the event, e.g., the user that is changing the field or that is posting a message to the profile of another user.

In some other implementations, event hifeed tracked update table 910 can have one or more of the following variables with certain attributes: ORGANIZATION_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE), FEEDS_ENTITY_HIFEED TRACKED UPDATE_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE), PARENT_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE), CREATED_BY being CHAR(15 BYTE), CREATED_DATE being a variable of type DATE, DIVISION being a NUMBER, KEY PREFIX being CHAR(3 BYTE), and DELETED being CHAR(1 BYTE). The parent ID can provide an ID of a parent object in case the change is promulgated to the parent. The key prefix can provide a key that is unique to a group of records, e.g. custom records (objects). The deleted variable can indicate that the feed items for the event are deleted, and thus the feed items are not generated. In one implementation, the variables for each event entry or any entry in any of the tables may not be nullable. In another implementation, all entries in the event hifeed tracked update table 910 are used to create feed items for only one object, as specified by the object ID 912. For example, one feed tracked update cannot communicate updates on two records, such as updates of an account field and an opportunity field.

In one implementation, a name of an event can also be stored in table 910. In one implementation, a tenant can specify events that they want tracked. In an implementation, event hifeed tracked update table 910 can include the name of the field that changed (e.g. old and new values). In another implementation, the name of the field, and the values, are stored in a separate table. Other information about an event (e.g. text of comment, feed tracked update, post or status update) can be stored in event hifeed tracked update table 910, or in other tables, as is now described.

A field change table 920 can provide a hifeed tracked update of the changes to the fields. The columns of table 920 can include an event ID 921 (which correlates to the event ID 911), an old value 922 for the field, and the new value 923 for the field. In one implementation, if an event changes more than one field value, then there can be an entry for each field changed. As shown, event ID 921 has two entries for event E37.

In some other implementations, field change table 920 can have one or more of the following variables with certain attributes: ORGANIZATION_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE), FEEDS_ENTITY_HIFEED TRACKED UPDATE_FIELDS_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE) and identifying each entry, FEEDS_ENTITY_HIFEED TRACKED UPDATE_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE), FIELD_KEY being VARCHAR2(120 BYTE), DATA_TYPE being CHAR(1 BYTE), OLDVAL_STRING VARCHAR2 being (765 BYTE), NEWVAL_STRING being VARCHAR2(765 BYTE), OLDVAL_FIRST_NAME being VARCHAR2(765 BYTE), NEWVAL_FIRST_NAME being VARCHAR2(765 BYTE), OLDVAL_LAST_NAME being VARCHAR2(765 BYTE), NEWVAL_LAST_NAME being VARCHAR2(765 BYTE), OLDVAL_NUMBER being NUMBER, NEWVAL_NUMBER being NUMBER, OLDVAL_DATE being DATE, NEWVAL_DATE being DATE, and DELETED being CHAR(1 BYTE). In one implementation, one or more of the variables for each entry in any of the tables may be nullable.

In one implementation, the data type variable (and/or other variables) is a non-api-insertable field. In another implementation, variable values can be derived from the record whose field is being changed. Certain values can be transferred into typed columns old/new value string, old/new value number or old/new value date depending upon the derived values. In another implementation, there can exist a data type for capturing add/deletes for child objects. The child ID can be tracked in the foreign-key column of the record. In yet another implementation, if the field name is pointing to a field in the parent entity, a field level security (FLS) can be used when a user attempts to a view a relevant feed item. Herein, security levels for objects and fields are also called access checks and determinations of authorization. In one aspect, the access can be for create, read, write, update, or delete of objects.

In one implementation, the field name (or key) can be either a field name of the entity or one of the values in a separate list. For example, changes that do not involve the update of an existing field (e.g. a close or open) can have a field name specified in an enumerated list. This enumerated list can store “special” field name sentinel values for non-update actions that a tenant wants to track. In one aspect, the API just surfaces these values and the caller has to check the enumerated values to see if it is a special field name.

A comment table 930 can provide a hifeed tracked update of the comments made regarding an event, e.g., a comment on a post or a change of a field value. The columns of table 930 can include an event ID 921 (which correlates to the event ID 911), the comment column 932 that stores the text of the comment, and the time/date 933 of the comment. In one implementation, there can be multiple comments for each event. As shown, event ID 921 has two entries for event E37.

In some other implementations, comment table 930 can have one or more of the following variables with certain attributes: ORGANIZATION_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE), FEEDS_COMMENTS_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE) and uniquely identifying each comment, PARENT_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE), CREATED_BY being CHAR(15 BYTE), CREATED_DATE being DATE, COMMENTS being VARCHAR2(420 BYTE), and DELETED being CHAR(1 BYTE).

A user subscription table 940 can provide a list of the objects being followed (subscribed to) by a user. In one implementation, each entry has a user ID 941 of the user doing the following and one object ID 942 corresponding to the object being followed. In one implementation, the object being followed can be a record or a user. As shown, the user with ID U819 is following object IDs O615 and O489. If user U819 is following other objects, then additional entries may exist for user U819. Also as shown, user U719 is also following object O615. The user subscription table 940 can be updated when a user adds or deletes an object that is being followed.

In some other implementations, comment table 940 can be composed of two tables (one for records being followed and one for users being followed). One table can have one or more of the following variables with certain attributes: ORGANIZATION_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE), ENTITY_SUBSCRIPTION_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE), PARENT_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE), CREATED_BY being CHAR(15 BYTE), CREATED_DATE being DATE, and DELETED being CHAR(1 BYTE). Another table can have one or more of the following variables with certain attributes: ORGANIZATION_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE), USER_SUBSCRIPTIONS_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE), USER_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE), CREATED_BY being CHAR(15 BYTE), and CREATED_DATE being DATE.

In one implementation, regarding a profile feed and a news feed, these are read-only views on the event hifeed tracked update table 910 specialized for these feed types. Conceptually the news feed can be a semi-join between the entity subscriptions table 940 and the event hifeed tracked update table 910 on the object IDs 912 and 942 for the user. In one aspect, these entities can have polymorphic parents and can be subject to a number of restrictions detailed herein, e.g., to limit the cost of sharing checks.

In one implementation, entity feeds are modeled in the API as a feed associate entity (e.g. AccountFeed, CaseFeed etc). A feed associate entity includes information composed of events (e.g. event IDs) for only one particular record type. Such a list can limit the query (and sharing checks) to a specific record type. In one aspect, this structuring of the entity feeds can make the query run faster. For example, a request for a feed of a particular account can include the record type of account. In one implementation, an account feed table can then be searched, where the table has account record IDs and corresponding event IDs or pointers to particular event entries in event hifeed tracked update table 910. Since the account feed table only contains some of the records (not all), the query can run faster.

In one implementation, there may be objects with no events listed in the event hifeed tracked update table 910, even though the record is being tracked. In this case, the database service can return a result indicating that no feed items exist.

In another implementation, tables can also exist for audit tracking, e.g., to examine that operations of the system (e.g. access checks) are performing accurately. In one implementation, audit change-hifeed tracked update tables can be persisted (e.g. in bulk) synchronously in the same transaction as feed events are added to event hifeed tracked update table 910. In another implementation, entries to the two sets of table can be persisted in asynchronous manner (e.g. by forking a bulk update into a separate java thread). In one aspect, some updates to any of the tables can get lost if the instance of the table goes down while the update has not yet finished. This asynchronous manner can limit an impact performance on save operations. In some implementations, a field “persistence type” (tri state: AUDIT, FEEDS or BOTH) can be added to capture user preferences, as opposed to being hardcoded.

B. Feed Item

A feed item can represent an individual field change of a record, creation and deletion of a record, or other events being tracked for a record or a user. In one implementation, all of the feed items in a single transaction (event) can be grouped together and have the same event ID. A single transaction relates to the operations that can be performed in a single communication with the database. In another implementation where a feed is an object of the database, a feed item can be a child of a profile feed, news feed, or entity feed. If a feed item is added to multiple feeds, the feed item can be replicated as a child of each feed to which the feed item is added.

In one implementation, a feed item is visible only when its parent feed is visible, which can be the same as needing read access on the feed\'s parent (which can be by the type of record or by a specific record). The feed item\'s field may be only visible when allowed under field-level security (FLS). Unfortunately, this can mean that the parent feed may be visible, but the child may not be because of FLS. Such access rules are described in more detail below. In one implementation, a feed item can be read-only. In this implementation, after being created, the feed item cannot be changed.

In multi-currency organizations, a feed item can have an extra currency code field. This field can give the currency code for the currency value in this field. In one aspect, the value is undefined when the data type is anything other than currency.

C. Feed Comment

In some implementations, a comment exists as an item that depends from feed tracked updates, posts, status updates, and other items that are independent of each other. Thus, a feed comment object can exist as a child object of a feed item object. For example, comment table 930 can be considered a child table of event hifeed tracked update table 910. In one implementation, a feed comment can be a child of a profile feed, news feed, or entity feed that is separate from other feed items.

In various implementations, a feed comment can have various permissions for the following actions. For read permission, a feed comment can be visible if the parent feed is visible. For create permission, if a user has access to the feed (which can be tracked by the ID of the parent feed), the user can add a comment. For delete, only a user with modify all data permission or a user who added the comment can delete the comment. Also delete permission can require access on the parent feed. An update of a comment can be restricted, and thus not be allowed.

In one implementation, regarding a query restriction, a feed comment cannot be queried directly, but can be queried only via the parent feed. An example is “select id, parentid, (select . . . from feedcomment) from entityfeed”. In another implementation, a feed comment can be directly queries, e.g., by querying comment table 930. A query could include the text of a comment or any other column of the table.

In another implementation, regarding soft delete behavior, a feed comment table does not have a soft delete column. A soft delete allows an undelete action. In one implementation, a record can have a soft delete. Thus, when the record is deleted, the feed (and its children) can be soft deleted. Therefore, in one aspect, a feed comment cannot be retrieved via the “query” verb (which would retrieve only the comment), but can be retrieved via “queryAll” verb though. An example is queryAll (“select id, (select id, commentbody from feedcomments) from accountfeed where parentid=‘001x000xxx3MkADAA0’”); // where ‘001x000xxx3MkADAA0’ has been soft deleted. When a hard delete (a physical delete) happens, the comment can be hard deleted from the database.

In one implementation, regarding an implicit delete, feeds with comments are not deleted by a reaper (a routine that performs deletion). In another implementation, a user cannot delete a feed. In yet another implementation, upon lead convert (e.g. to an opportunity or contact), the feed items of the lead can be hard deleted. This implementation can be configured to perform such a deletion for any change in record type. In various implementations, only the comments are hard deleted upon a lead convert, other convert, or when the object is deleted (as mentioned above).

In one implementation, viewing a feed pulls up the most recent messages or feed tracked updates (e.g. 25) and searches the most recent (e.g. 4) comments for each feed item. The comments can be identified via the comment table 930. In one implementation, a user can request to see more comments, e.g., by selecting a see more link.

In some implementations, user feeds and/or entity feeds have a last comment date field. In various implementations, the last comment date field is stored as a field of a record or a user profile. For feeds with no comments, this can be the same as the created date. Whenever a new comment is created, the associated feed\'s last comment date can be updated with the created date of the comment. The last comment date is unchanged if a feed comment is deleted. A use case is to allow people to order their queries to see the feeds which have been most recently commented on.

D. Creating Custom Feeds by Customizing the Event Hifeed Tracked Update Table

In some implementations, a tenant (e.g. through an administrator) or a specific user of a tenant can specify the types of events for which feed items are created. A user can add more events or remove events from a list of events that get added to the event hifeed tracked update table 910. In one implementation, a trigger can be added as a piece of code, rule, or item on a list for adding a custom event to the event hifeed tracked update table 910. These custom events can provide customers the ability to create their own custom feeds and custom feed items to augment or replace implicitly generated feeds via event hifeed tracked update table 910. Implicitly generated feed data can be created when feed-tracking is enabled for certain entities/field-names. In one implementation, in order to override implicit feeds, feed tracking can be turned off and then triggers can be defined by the user to add events to the event hifeed tracked update table 910. In other implementations, users are not allowed to override the default list of events that are added to table 910, and thus cannot define their own triggers for having events tracked.

For example, upon lead convert or case close, a default action to be taken by the system may be to add multiple events to event hifeed tracked update table 910. If a customer (e.g. a tenant or a specific user) does not want each of these events to show up as feed items, the customer can turn off tracking for the entities and generate custom feeds by defining customized triggers (e.g. by using an API) upon the events. As another example, although data is not changed, a customer may still want to track an action on a record (e.g. status changes if not already being tracked, views by certain people, retrieval of data, etc.).

In one implementation, if a user does not want a feed item to be generated upon every change on a given field, but only if the change exceeds a certain threshold or range, then such custom feeds can be conditionally generated with the customized triggers. In one implementation, the default tracking for the record or user may be turned off for this customization so that the events are only conditionally tracked. In another implementation, a trigger can be defined that deletes events that are not desired, so that default tracking can still be turned on for a particular object type. Such conditional tracking can be used for other events as well.

In some implementations, defining triggers to track certain events can be done as follows. A user can define an object type to track. This object type can be added to a list of objects that can be tracked for a particular tenant. The tenant can remove object types from this list as well. Custom objects and standard objects can be on the list, which may, for example, be stored in cache or RAM of a server or in the database. Generally only one such list exists for a tenant, and users do not have individual lists for themselves, although in some implementations, they may particularly when the number of users in a tenant is small.

In one implementation, a tenant can select which records of an object type are to be tracked. In another implementation, once an object type is added to the tracking list of object types, then all records of that type are tracked. The tenant can then specify the particulars of how the tracking is to be performed. For example, the tenant can specify triggers as described above, fields to be tracked, or any of the customizations mentioned herein.

In some implementations, when a feed is defined as an object in the database (e.g. as a child object of entity records that can be tracked), a particular instance of the feed object (e.g. for a particular record) can be create-able and delete-able. In one implementation, if a user has access to a record then the user can customize the feed for the record. In one implementation, a record may be locked to prevent customization of its feed.

One method of creating a custom feed for users of a database system according to implementations is now described. Any of the following steps can be performed wholly or partially with the database system, and in particular by one or more processor of the database system.

In step A, one or more criteria specifying which events are to be tracked for possible inclusion into a feed to be displayed are received from a tenant. In step B, data indicative of an event is received. In step C, the event is analyzed to determine if the criteria are satisfied. In step D, if the criteria are satisfied, at least a portion of the data is added to a table (e.g. one or more of the tables in FIG. 9A) that tracks events for inclusion into at least one feed for a user of the tenant. The feed in which feed items of an event may ultimately be displayed can be a news feed, record feed, or a profile feed.

E. Creating Custom Feeds with Filtering

After feed items have been generated, they can be filtered so that only certain feed items are displayed, which may be tailored to a specific tenant and/or user. In one implementation, a user can specify changes to a field that meet certain criteria for the feed item to show up in a feed displayed to the user, e.g., a news feed or even an entity feed displayed directly to the user. In one implementation, the criteria can be combined with other factors (e.g. number of feed items in the feed) to determine which feed items to display. For instance, if a small number of feed items exist (e.g. below a threshold), then all of the feed items may be displayed.