Novel compounds useful for modulating abnormal cell proliferation   

None.

1. Field of the Invention

In one of its aspects, the present invention relates to a group of novel compounds, particularly useful for modulating abnormal cell proliferation. In another of its aspects, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the novel compounds. In yet another of its aspects, the present invention relates to a method of modulating cell proliferation using the novel compounds. In yet another of its aspects, the present invention relates to a process for production of the novel compounds.

2. Description of the Prior Art

A wide range of growth factors coordinate cell proliferation and differentiation. Malignant cells arise as a result of a stepwise progression of events that include the unregulated expression of growth factors or components of their signaling pathways. Tyrosine phosphorylation events initiated by receptor, cytoplasmic and nuclear kinases and regulated by phosphatases are central to these processes. Mutation, hyper-activation, translocation and overexpression of protein tyrosine kinases are all associated with tumorigenesis. In addition to increasing proliferative rates and immortalizing cells, overexpression of tyrosine kinases can lead to morphological transformation and cause anchorage independence, contributing to the promotion of migratory ability and possibly the induction of metastases.

Certain compounds with structures based upon mimicry of ATP or phosphotyrosine have been shown to be effective kinase inhibitors. Those based upon phosphotyrosine have been demonstrated to be the more specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Because of their ability to inhibit tyrosine phosphorylation, these compounds may alter cell responses to growth factors or other process driven by tyrosine kinase activity, including unregulated growth as the result of tyrosine kinase overexpression, mutation, or translocation. Inhibition of tyrosine kinases occupying a central role in proliferative signaling pathways, or in pathways regulating cell cytoskeletal structure, even temporary or incomplete inhibition, may be sufficient to switch a cancerous cell from a proliferative cycle into programmed cell death, or apoptosis. Death by apoptosis is most often observed upon effective treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Selective inhibition of specific tyrosine kinases offers a method of targeting cancerous cell growth with a high degree of specificity and minimal toxicity to normally growing cells and tissues. Thus, specific inhibitors, of tyrosine kinases have great potential as clinical anti-cancer treatments. A number of small molecules which act as tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been identified. For example, certain phenyl acrylonitrile compounds have been described as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, effective to inhibit cell proliferation. See, for example, any of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,891,917, 5,217,999, 5,773,476, 5,935,993, 5,656,655, 5,677,329 and 5,789,427.

Inhibition of tyrosine kinases offers one mechanism by which cell proliferation can be inhibited. One of skill in the art will appreciate that other mechanisms of inhibition may also be involved.

Certain advances in the art are described in International Publication Number Number WO 01/79158 [Roifman et al. (Roifman #1)] International Publication Number Number WO 03/062190 [Roifman et al. (Roifman #2)].

While the teachings of Roifman #1 and Roifman #2 represent important advances in the art, there is an ongoing need in the art to identify further compounds that inhibit cell proliferation.

It is an object of the present invention to obviate or mitigate at least one of the above-mentioned disadvantages of the prior art.

In one of its aspects, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I, and salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:

wherein:

R¹, R² and R³ are each independently selected from H, OH, C_1-6alkyl, OC_1-6alkyl, OC(O)C_1-6alkyl, C(O)OC_1-6alkyl, NH₂; NH—C_1-6alkyl, N(C_1-6alkyl)(C_1-6alkyl), C(O)NHC_1-6alkyl, C(O)N(C_1-6alkyl)(C_1-6alkyl), SH, SC_1-6alkyl, NO₂, CF₃, OCF₃ and halogen;

R⁴ is selected from C(X) R⁵, SO₂Ar, NH₂, NHC_1-6alkyl, N(C_1-6alkyl)(C_1-6alkyl), P(O)(OH)², P(O)(OC_1-6alkyl)₂, and C(NH₂)═C(CN)₂;

R⁵ is selected from NH₂, OH, OC_1-6alkyl, OAr, NHAr, NH(CH₂)_nAr, NH(CH₂)—OH, (CH₂)_nOC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, NHNH₂, NHC(O)NH₂, NHC(O)C_1-6alkoxy, N-morpholino and N-pyrrolidino;

Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic group, unsubstituted or substituted with 1-4 substituents independently selected from OH, C_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, C_1-3alkylenedioxy, NH₂, NH—C_1-6alkyl, N(C_1-6alkyl)(C_1-6alkyl), SH, SC_1-6alkyl, NO₂, CF₃, OCF₃ and halo;

Hal is selected from Cl, Br, and I;

X is selected from O and S;

Y is selected from (CH₂CH₂O)_p;

n is 1 to 6; and

p is 1 to 3.

A non-limiting example of a preferred compound of Formula I is: 4-chloro-2-cyano-5-phenyl-penta-2E,4Z-dienoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (CRC-47), the chemical structure of which is provided in Table 2 below.

In another of its aspects, the present invention provides a compound of Formula II, and salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:

wherein:

A is a ring chosen from pyridine, pyrasine, pyrimidine, imidazole, furan and thiophene;

R¹ is selected from C(X) R², SO₂Ar, NH₂, NHC_1-6alkyl, N(C_1-6alkyl)(C_1-6alkyl), P(O)(OH)₂, P(O)(OC_1-6alkyl)₂, and C(NH₂)═C(CN)₂;

R² is selected from NH₂, OH, OC_1-6alkyl, OAr, OYC_1-3alkyl, NHAr, NH(CH₂)_nAr; NH(CH₂)—OH, (CH₂)_nOC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, NHNH₂, NHC(O)NH₂, NHC(O)C_1-6alkoxy, N-morpholino and N-pyrrolidino;

Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic group, unsubstituted or substituted with 1-4 substituents independently selected from OH, C_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, C_1-3alkylenedioxy, NH₂, NH—C_1-6alkyl, N(C_1-6alkyl)(C_1-6alkyl), SH, S—C_1-6alkyl, NO₂, CF₃, OCF₃ and halo;

X is selected from O and S;

Y is selected from (CH₂CH₂O)_p;

n 1 to 6; and

p s 1 to 3.

Non-limiting examples of preferred compounds of Formula II may be selected from the group comprising: 2-cyano-5-furan-2-yl-penta-2E,4E-dienoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (CRH-48); 2-cyano-5-pyridin-3-yl-penta-2E,4E-dienoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (CRH-58); 2-cyano-5-pyridin-3-yl-penta-2E,4E-dienoic acid benzylamide (CRH-59); and 2-cyano-5-thiophen-2-yl-penta-2E,4E-dienoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (CRH-60), the chemical structure of each of which is provided in Table 2 below.

In another of its aspects, the present invention provides a compound of Formula III, and salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:

wherein:

R¹ is selected from OH, OC_1-6alkyl, NO₂;

R² is selected from H, OH, C_1-6alkyl, OC_1-6alkyl, OC(O)C_1-6alkyl, C(O)OC_1-6alkyl, NH₂, NH—C_1-6alkyl, N(C_1-6alkyl)(C_1-6alkyl), C(O)NHC_1-6alkyl, C(O)N(C_1-6alkyl)(C_1-6alkyl), SH, SC_1-6alkyl, NO₂, CF₃, OCF₃ and halo;

R³ is selected from C(X) R⁴, SO₂Ar, NH₂, NHC_1-6alkyl, N(C_1-6alkyl)(C_1-6alkyl), P(O)(OH)₂, F(O)(OC_1-6alkyl)₂, and C(NH₂)═C(CN)₂;

R⁴ is selected from NH₂, OH, OC_1-6alkyl, OAr, OYC_1-3alkyl, NHAr, NH(CH₂)_nAr, NH(CH₂)_nOH, (CH₂)_nOC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, NHNH₂, NHC(O)NH₂, NHC(O)C_1-6alkoxy, N-morpholino and N-pyrrolidino;

Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic group, unsubstituted or substituted with 1-4 substituents independently selected from OH, C_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, C_1-3alkylenedioxy, NH₂, NH—C_1-6alkyl, N(C_1-6alkyl)(C_1-6alkyl), SH, S—C_1-6alkyl, NO₂, CF₃, OCF₃ and halo;

X is selected from O and S;

Y is selected from (CH₂CH₂O)_p;

n is 1 to 6; and

p is 1 to 3.

Non-limiting examples of preferred compounds of Formula III may be selected from the group comprising: 2-cyano-5-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)penta-2E,4E-dienoic acid benzylamide (CRO-70); 2-cyano-5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-penta-2E,4E-dienoic acid benzylamide (CRO-90); and 2-cyano-5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-penta-2E,4E-dienoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (CRO-91).

In another of its aspects, the present invention provides a compound of Formula IV, and salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:

wherein:

A is a ring chosen from benzene, pyridine, pyrasine, pyrimidine, imidazole, furan and thiophene, unsubstituted or substituted with 1-4 substituents independently selected from OH, C_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, C_1-3alkylenedioxy, NH₂, NH—C_1-6 alkyl, N(C_1-6alkyl)(C_1-6alkyl), SH, S—C_1-6alkyl, NO₂, CF₃, OCF₃ and halo;

B is a ring chosen from benzene and pyridine;

R¹ is selected from C(X) R², SO₂Ar, NH₂, NHC_1-6alkyl, N(C_1-6alkyl)(C_1-6alkyl), P(O)(OH)², P(O)(OC_1-6alkyl)₂, and C(NH₂)═C(CN)₂;

R² is selected from NH₂, OH, OC_1-6alkyl, OAr, OYC_1-3alkyl, NHAr, NH₂(CH₂)_nAr, NH(CH₂)—OH, (CH₂)_nOC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, NHNH₂, NHC(O)NH₂, NHC(O)C_1-6alkoxy, N-morpholino and N-pyrrolidino;

Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic group, unsubstituted or substituted with 1-4 substituents independently selected from OH, C_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, C_1-3alkylenedioxy, NH₂, NH—C_1-6alkyl, N(C_1-6alkyl)(C_1-6alkyl), SH, S—C_1-6alkyl, NO₂, CF₃, OCF₃ and halo;

X is selected from O and S;

Y is selected from (CH₂CH₂O)_p;

n is Ito 6; and

p is 1 to 3.

Non-limiting examples of preferred compounds of Formula IV may be selected from the group comprising: 2-cyano-N-pyridin-4-ylmethyl-3-(4-trans-styrylphenyl)-E-acryl amide (CRS-75); 2-cyano-N-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-[4-(2-pyridin-4-yl-trans-vinyl)-phenyl]-E-acrylamide (CRS-76); and 2-cyano-N-pyridin-4-ylmethyl-3-[4-(2-pyridin-4-yl-trans-vinyl)phenyl]-E-acrylamide (CRS-77), the chemical structure of each of which is provided in Table 2 below.

In another of its aspects, the present invention provides a compound of Formula V, and salts, solvates and hydrates thereof:

wherein:

R¹, R² and R³ are each independently selected from OH, C_1-6allyl, OC(O)C_1-6alkyl, C(O)OC_1-6alkyl, NH₂, NH—C_1-6alkyl, N(C_1-6alkyl)(C_1-6 alkyl), C(O)NHC_1-6alkyl, C(O)N(C_1-6alkyl)(C_1-6alkyl), SH, SC_1-6alkyl, NO₂, CF₃, OCF₃ and halo;

R⁴ is selected from C(X)R⁵, SO₂Ar, NH₂, NHC_1-6alkyl, N(C_1-6alkyl)(C_1-6alkyl), P(O)(OH)₂, P(O)(OC_1-6alkyl)₂, and C(NH₂)═C(CN)₂;

R⁵ is selected from NH₂, OH, OC_1-6alkyl, OAr; OYC_1-3alkyl, NHAr, NH(CH₂)_nAr, NH(CH₂)_nOH, (CH₂)_nOC_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, NHNH₂, NHC(O)NH₂, NHC(O)C_1-6alkoxy, N-morpholino and N-pyrrolidino;

Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic group, unsubstituted or substituted with 1-4 substituents independently selected from OH, C_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy; C_1-3alkylenedioxy, NH₂, NH—C_1-6alkyl, N(C_1-6alkyl)(C_1-6alkyl), SH, S—C_1-6alkyl, NO₂, CF₃, OCF₃ and halo;

X is selected from O and S;

Y is selected from (CH₂CF₂O)_p;

n is 1 to 6; and

p is 1 to 3.

Non-limiting examples of preferred compounds of Formula V may be selected from the group comprising: 2-cyano-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyphepta-2E,4E,6E-trienoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamide (CRT-67); 2-cyano-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-2E,4E,6E-trienoic acid benzylamide (CRT-86); and 2-cyano-7-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)hepta-2E,4E,6E-trienoic acid benzylamide (CRT-88), the chemical structure of each of which is provided in the Examples below.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising, as the active ingredient, one or more compounds of Formalæ I, II, III, IV and V, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor.

In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for modulating cell proliferation, preferably inhibiting cell proliferation comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of the invention to a cell or animal in need thereof. The invention also includes a use of a compound of the invention to modulate cell proliferation, preferably inhibit, cell proliferation. The invention further includes a use of a compound of the invention to prepare a medicament to modulate cell proliferation, preferably inhibit cell proliferation.

In a preferred embodiment the present invention provides a method of inhibiting the proliferation of a cancer cell comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of the invention to a cell or animal in need thereof. The cancer cell treated may be any type of cancer including a leukemia, a lymphoma, myeloma, metastatic carcinoma, sarcoma or any other malignant transformation or any other malignancy. The invention also includes a use of a compound of the invention to modulate cancer cell proliferation, preferably inhibit cancer cell proliferation. The invention further includes a use of a compound of the invention to prepare a medicament to modulate cancer Cell proliferation, preferably inhibit cancer cell proliferation.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of modulating tyrosine kinase activity in a cell by administering an effective amount of a compound of the invention. In a further aspect, the invention provides a method of inhibiting tyrosine kinase activity in a cell by administering an effective amount of a compound of the invention. The present invention also provides a use of a compound of the invention to modulate, preferably inhibit, tyrosine kinase activity. The present invention further provides a use of a compound of the invention to prepare a medicament to modulate tyrosine kinase activity, preferably inhibit tyrosine kinase activity. It is appreciated that the inhibition of cell growth by the compounds of the invention may be effected by other mechanisms.

Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

The term “C_1-6alkyl” as used herein means, unless otherwise stated, straight and/or branched chain alkyl radicals containing from one to six carbon atoms and includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl and the like.

The term “C_1-6alkoxy” as used herein means, unless otherwise stated, straight and/or branched chain alkoxy radicals containing from one to six carbon atoms and includes methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, isopropyloxy, t-butoxy and the like.

The term “C_1-6alkyl” as used herein means, unless otherwise stated, straight and/or branched chain alkyl radicals containing from one to four carbon atoms and includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl and the like.

The term “C_1-4alkoxy” as used herein means, unless otherwise stated, straight and/or branched chain alkoxy radicals containing from one to four carbon atoms and includes-methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, isopropyloxy, t-butoxy and the like.

The term “Ar” as used herein, means an unsubstituted or substituted aryl and/or heteroaryl group which, in the case of heteroaryl, may contain up to two heteroatoms, wherein the constituents are independently selected from the group consisting of OH, C_1-6alkyl, C_1-6alkoxy, NH₂, NH—C_1-6alkyl, N(C_1-6alkyl)(C_1-6alkyl), SH, S—C_1-6alkyl, NO₂, CF₃, OCF₃ and halo, and includes unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, furyl, thienyl, indolyl, naphthyl, quinolyl and the like.

The term “halo” as used herein means halogen and includes chloro, fluoro, bromo, iodo and the like.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means an acid addition salt or a basic addition salt which is suitable for or compatible with the treatment of patients.

The term “compound of the invention” as used herein includes any compound of the Formulæ I, II, III, IV and/or V as defined herein (including all salts, solvates or hydrates thereof) as well as a specific compound designated herein as CRC-47, CRH-48, CRH-58, CRH-59, CRH-60, CRO-70, CRO-90, CRO-91, CRS-75, CRS-76, CRS-77, CRT-67, CRT-86 AND CRT-88 (including all salts, solvates or hydrates thereof).

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt” as used herein means any non-toxic organic or inorganic salt of any base compounds represented by Formulæ I, II, III, IV and/or V or any of their intermediates. Illustrative inorganic acids which form suitable salts include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric and phosphoric acids, as well as metal salts such as sodium monohydrogen orthophosphate and potassium hydrogen sulfate. Illustrative organic acids that form suitable salts include mono-, di-, and tricarboxylic acids such as glycolic, lactic, pyruvic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, maleic, benzoic, phenylacetic, cinnamic and salicylic acids, as well as sulfonic acids such as p-toluene sulfonic and methanesulfonic acids. Either the mono or di-acid salts can be formed, and such salts may exist in either a hydrated, solvated or substantially anhydrous form.

In general, the acid addition salts of compounds of Formulæ I, II, III, IV and/or V are more soluble in water and various hydrophilic organic solvents, and generally demonstrate higher melting points in comparison to their free base forms. The selection of the appropriate salt will be known to one skilled in the art. Other non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts, e.g. oxalates, may be used, for example, in the isolation of compounds of Formulæ Formulæ I, II, III, IV and/or V for laboratory use, or for subsequent conversion to a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable basic addition salt” as used herein means any non-toxic organic or inorganic base addition salt of any acid compounds represented by Formulæ I, II, III, IV and/or V or any of their intermediates. Illustrative inorganic bases which form suitable salts include lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium or barium hydroxide. Illustrative organic bases which form suitable salts include aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic organic amines such as methylamine, trimethylamine and picoline or ammonia. The selection of the appropriate salt will be known to a person skilled in the art.

The term “solvate” as used herein means a compound of Formulæ I, II, III, IV and/or V, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formulæ I, II, III, IV and/or V, wherein molecules of a suitable solvent are incorporated in the crystal lattice. A suitable solvent is physiologically tolerable at the dosage administered. Examples of suitable solvents are ethanol, water and the like.

When water is the solvent, the molecule is referred to as a “hydrate”.

The term an “effective amount” or a “sufficient amount” of an agent as used herein is that amount sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results, including clinical results, and, as such, an “effective amount” depends upon the context in which it is being applied. For example, in the context, of administering an agent that inhibits cancer cell proliferation, an effective amount of an agent is, for example, an amount sufficient to achieve such a reduction in cancer cell proliferation as compared to the response obtained without administration of the agent.

As used herein, and as well understood in the art, “treatment” is an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results, including clinical results. Beneficial or desired clinical results can include, but are not limited to, alleviation or amelioration of one or more symptoms or conditions, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e. not worsening) state of disease, preventing spread of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable. “Treatment” can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment.

“Palliating” a disease or disorder means that the extent and/or undesirable clinical manifestations of a disorder or a disease state are lessened and/or time course of the progression is slowed or lengthened, as compared to not treating the disorder.

The term “modulate” as used herein includes the inhibition or suppression of a function or activity (such as cell proliferation) as well as the enhancement of a function or activity.

To “inhibit” or “suppress” or “reduce” a function or activity, such as cancer cell proliferation, is to reduce the function or activity when compared to otherwise same conditions except for a condition or parameter of interest, or alternatively, as compared to another conditions.

The term “animal” as used herein includes all members of the animal kingdom including humans and non-humans. The animal is preferably a human.

The term “a cell” as used herein includes a plurality of cells. Administering a compound to a cell includes in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro treatment.

The term “cancer cells” as used herein includes all forms of cancer or neoplastic disease.

The present invention includes within, its scope, prodrugs of the compounds of the invention. In general, such prodrugs will be functional derivatives of a compound of the invention which are readily convertible in vivo into the compound from which it is notionally derived. Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrugs are described, for example, in “Design of Prodrugs” ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985.

Some of the compounds of the invention may have at least one asymmetric center. Where the compounds according to the invention have one asymmetric center, the may exist as enantiomers. Where the compounds of the invention possess two or more asymmetric centers, they may additionally exist as diastereomers. It is to be understood that all such isomers and mixtures thereof in any proportion are encompassed within the scope of the present invention.

The present invention includes radiolabeled forms of compounds of the invention, for example, compounds of the invention labeled by incorporation within the structure ³H or ¹⁴C or a radioactive halogen such as ¹²⁵I.

The compounds of the invention may, for example, be derived from an activated cinnamyl compound and an activated cyano-substituted methylene compound. A person skilled in the art, therefore, may wish to provide a generic name for the compounds of the invention based on the cinnamyl moiety. However, generic nomenclature based on the formed acylonitrile moiety, for example, styryl acrylonitrile, would be more proper.

The compounds of the invention can be prepared by general process steps established in the art for production of unrelated compounds. Therefore, compounds of the invention may be prepared by the reaction seauence shown in Scheme 1

Compounds of the general Formulæ I-V described above can be prepared by Knoevenagel condensation of β-aryl-substituted E-propenals (1, n=1 or 2), or substituted benzaldehydes (1, n=0) with a compound having active β-methylene group (2). For example, these condensations may be carried out in a polar solvent, such as ethanol, in the presence of catalytic amounts of a base, such as β-alanine or piperidine. Reaction temperatures may be in the range of 20° to 80° C., depending on the used catalyst.

In some cases, the condensation outlined above may have to be modified by use of protective groups, such as acetates or methyl ethers, to prevent side reactions. At the end of reaction sequence, the protective groups can be removed by processes analogous to those established in the art, for example as described in Greene T.W., Wuts P.G.M. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis. John Wiley & Sons, Third Edition, 1999.

Aldehydes (1) may be commercially available, such as 2-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, 3-(3-pyridyl)acrolein, trans-4-stilbenecarboxaldehyde. Other 13-aryl-substituted E-propenals (1, n=1 or 2) or substituted benzaldehydes (1, n=0) may be prepared using straightforward procedures. For example, 2,5-dihydroxycinnamaldehyde and various dienals can be prepared by Wittig olefination of the corresponding benzaldehydes or cinnamaldehydes (Scheme 2).

In case if corresponding 13-aryl-substituted acrylic acid is commercially available, the corresponding E-propenals may be prepared from such acids using procedures previously described (Scheme 3) (see Potgieter M., Wenteler G. L., Drewes S. E. Phytochemistry, 1988, V. 27, No. 4, P. 1101-1104).

4-(2-Pyridin-4-yl-trans-vinyl)benzaldehyde can be prepared by condensation of γ-picoline with terephtaldicarboxaldehyde as described in Ichimura K., Watanabe S. J. Polymer Sci., 1982, V. 20, P. 1419-1432 (Scheme 4).

α-Cyano amides (2) with a reactive methylene group may be obtained by keeping the mixture of methyl cyanoacetate and an appropriate commercially available amine without presence of a solvent for 12 h followed by crystallization from an appropriate solvent (Scheme 51.

As stated above, an aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising, as the active ingredient, one or more compounds of Formal I, II, III, IV and V, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor.

The dosage administered of the active ingredient will vary depending on the use and known factors such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particular substance, and its mode and route of administration; age, health, and weight of the individual recipient; nature and extent of symptoms, kind of concurrent treatment, frequency of treatment, and the effect desired.

By way of general guidance, a daily dosage of the active ingredient can be in the range of from about 0.01 to about 80 mg/kg of body weight, preferably from about 0.1 to about 20, more preferably from about 0.2 to about 10 mg/kg of body weight. Ordinarily a dose of from about 0.5 to about 50 mg/kg per day of the active ingredient divided doses one to multiple times a day, preferably up to four times per day, or in sustained release form is effective to obtain the desired results.

In the treatment methods and compositions of the present invention, the active ingredient described in detail herein is (are) typically administered for oral, topical, rectal, parenteral, local, inhalant or intracerebral use. In an embodiment of the invention, the substances are administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal, routes, using forms of transdermal skin patches known to those of ordinary Skill in that art. To be administered in the form of a transdermal delivery system, the dosage administration will be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen. The substances can also be administered by way of controlled or slow release capsule system and other drug delivery technologies.

A preferred form of administration is oral. For example, for oral administration in the form of a tablet or capsule, the active substance(s) can be combined with an oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable, inert carrier such as lactose, starch, sucrose, glucose, methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, mannitol, sorbitol and the like; for oral administration in liquid form, the oral active substances can be combined with any oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol; glycerol, water, and the like. Suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents, and colouring agents can also be incorporated into the dosage form if desired or necessary. Suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth, or sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, waxes, and the like. Suitable lubricants used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium, benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, and the like. Examples of disintegrators include starch, methyl cellulose, agar; bentonite, xanthan gum, and the like.

Gelatin capsules may contain the active substance and powdered carriers, such as lactose, starch, cellulose derivatives, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and the like. Similar carriers and diluents may be used to make compressed tablets. Tablets and capsules can be manufactured as sustained release products to provide for continuous release of active ingredients over a period of time. Compressed tablets can be sugar coated or film coated to mask any unpleasant taste and protect the tablet from the atmosphere, or enteric coated for selective disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract. Liquid dosage forms for oral administration may contain colouring and flavouring agents to increase patient acceptance.

Water, a suitable oil, saline, aqueous dextrose, and related sugar solutions and glycols such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycols, may be used as carriers for parenteral solutions. Such solutions also preferably contain a water soluble salt of the active ingredient, suitable stabilizing agents, and if necessary, buffer substances. Suitable stabilizing agents include antioxidizing agents such as sodium bisulfate, sodium sulfite, or ascorbic acid, either alone or combined, citric acid and its salts and sodium EDTA. Parenteral solutions may also contain preservatives, such as benzalkonium chloride, methyl- or propyl-paraben, and chlorobutanol.

The active ingredient described in detail herein can also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles, and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine, or phosphatidylcholines.

The active ingredient substances described in detail herein may also be coupled with soluble polymers which are targetable drug carriers. Examples of such polymers include polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide-phenol, polyhydroxyethylaspartamiclephenol, or polyethyleneoxide-polylysine substituted with palmitoyl residues. The active ingredient substances may also be coupled to biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug. Suitable polymers include polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic and polyglycolic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacylates, and crosslinked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels. The substances can also be affixed to rigid polymers and other structures such as fullerenes or Buckeyballs.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration contain about 1 milligram to 1500 milligrams of active ingredient per unit. In these pharmaceutical compositions, the active ingredient will ordinarily be present in an amount of about 0.5-95% by weight based on the total weight of the composition.

Suitable pharmaceutical carriers and methods of preparing pharmaceutical dosage forms are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, a standard reference text in art of drug formulation.

As hereinbefore mentioned, the inventors have prepared novel compounds of the Formulæ I, II; III, IV and/or V. Accordingly, the present invention includes all uses of the compounds of the invention including their use in therapeutic methods and compositions for modulating cell proliferation, their use in diagnostic assays and their use as research tools.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for modulating cell proliferation comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of the invention to a cell or animal in need thereof. Preferably, the invention provides a method of inhibiting cell proliferation comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of the invention to a cell or animal in need thereof. In particular; the method of the invention is useful in inhibiting the proliferation of abnormal butrnot normal cells. Abnormal cells include any type of cell that is causative of or involved in a disease or condition and wherein it is desirable to modulate or inhibit the proliferation of the abnormal cell to treat the disease or condition. Examples of abnormal cells include malignant or cancerous cells as well as cell that over-proliferate in inflammatory conditions.

It has been determined that some of the compounds of the invention are very effective at killing cancer cells while at the same time they do not kill normal cells. These properties make the compounds of the invention extremely useful as anti-cancer agents. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting the proliferation of a cancer cell comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of the invention to a cell or animal in need thereof.

The cancer cell that can be treated with a compound of the invention may be any type of cancer including, but not limited to, hematopoietic malignancies, including leukemias, lymphomas, and myelomas as well as other types of cancer including sarcomas, carcinomas, melanomas, adenomas, nervous system cancers and genitourinary cancers. Examples of, leukemias include acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myelocytic leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and juvenile myelo-monocytic leukemia (JMML). The types of ALL that may be treated with the compounds of the invention include cells that express a bcr-abl fusion protein, such as Philadelphia positive ALL cells, as well as Philadelphia negative ALL cells. Examples of lymphomas include B-cell Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphomas, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, including the Ki-1 positive anaplastic large cell lymphomas, cell lymphomas and rare lymphomas such as the histiocytic lymphomas. Examples of myelomas include multiple myelomas.

Embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the following Examples that are provided for illustrative purposes only and should not be used to construe or limit the scope of the invention.

In the Examples, a number of standard methods and materials were used. NMR spectra were obtained on a Varian Unity Plus spectrometer (USA) at 500 MHz with tetramethylsilane (TMS, Me₄Si) as an internal standard (δ=0). Electrospray mass spectra were recorded on an API III Plus triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (USA), with a direct introduction of the samples into the ionization source. Thin layer chromatography was performed with UV-254 aluminum-backed TLC sheets of 0.25 mm thickness (Kieselgel 60 F₂₅₄, Merck, Germany). HPLC chromatograms and UV spectra were obtained on a model 600 liquid chromatograph (Waters, USA) with a model 996 PDA detector. The reagents were purchased from Aldrich (USA) and Lancaster (England), and were used as received. Solvents were purchased from Caledon (Canada).

A mixture of 0.50 g (5.38 mmol) of γ-picoline and 1.08 g (8.06 mmol) of terephtaldicarboxaldehyde in 2.1 mL of acetic anhydride and 0.9 mL of acetic acid was stirred at 100° C. for 4 h. 10 mL of water was added and the Mixture was adjusted to pH 9 by addition of 5% KHCO₃ (10 mL). The formed yellowish precipitate was filtered off, washed with H₂O and dried in a vacuum desiccator over NaOH. The target aldehyde was purified by column chromatography on silica gel. The results were as follows:

• • a. yield 275 mg (25%).
  • b. UV, λ_max 321.5 nm.
  • c. MS (m/z, rel.intensity, %): 210 ([M+H]⁺, 100), 242 (38).

To a solution of 444 mg (2.0 mmol) of 2,5-diacetoxybenzaldehyde in 30 mL toluene, obtained by treatment of 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde with Ac₂O-Py, 608 mg (2.0 mmol) of (triphenylphosphoranilydene)acetaldehyde was added. The mixture was stirred for 5 h at 100° C. Toluene was evaporated; the residue was re-dissolved in ethyl acetate and passed through silica gel, eluent ethyl acetate-hexane, 1:1. The solvents were evaporated and the residue was recrystallized twice from ethyl acetate-heptane, 1:2. The results were as follows:

• • a. Yield 220 mg (44%).
  • b. UV, λ_max 221, 280 nm.
  • c. ¹H-NMR (5, ppm): 2.27; 2.37 (2×s, 2×3H, 2×OAc), 6.77 (dd, 1H, J 7.6 and 16.1 Hz, Hα olefinic), 7.28 (d, 2H, J=1.6 Hz, H³⁺⁴), 7.65 (dd, 1H, J 0.4 and 1.6. Hz, H⁶), 7.76 (d, 1H, J=16.1 Hz, Hβ olefinic), 9.72 (d, 1H, J 7.6 Hz, CHO).
  • d. MS (ink rel.intensity, %): 189.0 ([M—OAc]⁺, 66), 207.0 ([M+NH₄—OAc]⁺, 7.4), 249.0 ([M+H]⁺, 63), 266.0 ([M+NH₄]⁺, 100).

To the solution of 3-methoxy-4-acetoxycinnamaldehyde (220 mg, 1 mmol) (Aldrich) in 40 mL of dichloromethane, (1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide (858 mg, 2 mmol) was added followed by addition of K₂CO₃ (276 mg, 2 mmol) and 18-crown-6 (26 mg, 0.1 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 48 h. The reaction was quenched with 30 mL of 2N HCl, and the organic layer was separated, dried with Na₂SO₄ and evaporated. The intermediate 3-methoxy-4-acetoxy dienal was purified by column chromatography and the acetate group was hydrolyzed with 1N NaOH leading to 5-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-penta-2E,4E-dienal. The results were as follows:

• • a. Yield 138 mg (68%).
  • b. UV, λ_max 258 and 365 nm.
  • c. ¹H-NMR (5, ppm): 6.17 (dd, 1H, J 8.1 and 15.3 Hz, Hα olefinic), 6.83 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz, Hδ olefinic), 7.05 (dd, 1H, J 1.9 and 8.3 Hz, H⁵), 7.08 (m, 2H, H⁶+Hγ olefinic), 7.24 (d, 1H, J=1.9 Hz, H²), 7.45 (m, 1H, Hβ olefinic), 9.53 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz, CHO).
  • d. MS (m/z, rel.intensity, %): 205.0 ([M+H]⁺, 100).

To a solution of 1.54 g (10 mmol) of 1-thiophen-2-yl-acrylic acid (Aldrich) in methanol, few drops of thionyl chloride were added and the mixture was refluxed for 10 h. Methanol was taken to dryness and the methyl ester (1.68 g, 10 mmol, yield 100%) was reduced to the corresponding alcohol with 4 eqv of DIBAL in THF. The alcohol (1.29 g, 9.2 mmol, yield 92%) was dissolved in 200 mL of dichloromethane, 3.96 g (46 mmol) of activated MnO₂ was added and the mixture was stirred for 10 h at room temperature. The catalyst was filtered off, dichloromethane was evaporated and the residue was distilled on a Kugelrohr apparatus at a temperature of 140° C. and vacuum 0.1 mm Hg. The results were:

• • a. Overall yield 1.08 g (78%).
  • b. UV, λ_max 327 nm.
  • c. MS. (m/z, rel.intensity, %): 139.1 ([M+H]⁺, 100), 104.9 ([M-SH]⁺, 48).

Methyl cyanoacetate (1.98 g, 20 mmol) and veratrylamine (3.34 g, 20 mmol) were mixed together and left for 0.5 h at 20° C. until the mixture solidified. The product was recrystallized from 200 mL of hot ethanol. The results were as follows:

• • a. Yield 3.30 g (70%).
  • b. ¹H-NMR (δ, ppm): 162 (s, 2H, CH₂CN), 3.78 (s, 6H, (OMe)₂), 4.34 (br.s., 2H, NHCH₂Ph), 6.84 (dd, 1H, J 1.95 and 8.1 Hz, H⁶), 6.88 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz, H⁵), 6.93 (d, 1H, J=1.95 Hz, H²), 7.80 (br.s., 1H, NH).
  • c. MS, m/e (rel.intensity, %): 235.0 ([M+H]⁺, 19), 252.0 ([M+NH₄]⁺, 100), 257.0 ([M+Na]⁺, 33).

To 2-cyano-N-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)acetamide (2.68 g, 11.45 mmol) in 200 ml of CH₂Cl₂, boron tribromide was added dropwise at −10° C. (8.75 g, 35 mmol). After 0.5 h the reaction was brought to room temperature and stirred for an additional 1 h. The reaction was cooled to 0° C., 200 ml of water was carefully added, and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous phase was saturated with NaCl and extracted with 3×100 ml of ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried with Na₂SO₄, and taken to dryness. The solidified residue was suspended in water and lyophilized to give an off-white powder, which was washed with CH₂Cl₂ and dried. The results were as follows:

• • a. Yield 1.24 g (53%).
  • b. ¹H-NMR (5, ppm): 2.83 (s, (OH)₂), 3.60 (s, 2H, CH₂CN), 4.25 (br.s, 2H, NHCH₂Ph), 6.63 (dd, 1H, J 1.95 and 8.1 Hz, H⁶), 6.75 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz, H⁵), 6.79 (d, 1H, J=1.95 Hz, H²), 7.71 (br.s., 1H, NH).
  • c. MS, m/e (rel.intensity, %): 207.0 ([M+H]⁺, 38), 224.0 ([M+NH₄]⁺, 100), 229.0 ([M+Na]⁺, 2.6).

To a solution of 0.1 mmol of hydroxyl-substituted O-aryl-substituted E-propenal or substituted benzaldehyde and 0.1 mmol of amide in 3-4 mL of ethanol, an equimolar amount of piperidine was added. The solution was stirred at 20° C. for 0.5-1.0 h until the starting material disappeared. 0.2 mL 1N HCl was added followed by addition of 10 mL H₂O, and the mixture was kept at 0° C. for 2 h. The precipitated powder was washed with H₂O, re-crystallized from MeCN—H₂O, and dried in a desiccator over NaOH. The average yield of the desirable tyrenes was 50-70%. See Table 1 for details.

For Compound CRT-67, the results were as follows:

• • a. ¹H-NMR (8, ppm): 3.86 (s, 3H, OMe), 4.32 (s, 2H, NHCH₂Ph′), 6.64 (dd, 1H, J 2.1 and 8.1 Hz, H^6′), 6.71 (dd, 1H, J 12.0 and 14.4 Hz, Hβ olefinic), 6.73 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz, H^5′), 6.82 (m, 2H, H⁶+H^2′), 6.98 (d, 1H, J 15.2 Hz, Hε olefinic), 7.04 (dd; I H, J 1.9 and 8.2 Hz, H⁵), 7.10 (dd, 1H, J 11.0 and 15.2 Hz, Hδ olefinic), 7.21-7.28 (m, 2H, H²+Hγ olefinic), 7.92 (d, J=12.0 Hz, Hα olefinic).
  • b. MS (m/z, rel.intensity, %): 393.0 ([M+H]⁺, 100), 410.0 ([M+NH]⁺, 45).

For Compound CRT-86, the results were as follows:

• • a. MS (m/z, rel.intensity, %): 361.0 ([M+H]+, 100), 378.2 ([M+NH₄]⁺, 10), 383.1 ([M+NH₄]⁺, 15).

To a solution of 0.1 mmol 0.1 mmol of hydroxyl-substituted O-aryl-substituted E-propenal or substituted benzaldehyde and 0.1 mmol of amide in 3-4 mL of ethanol, a few crystals of O-alanine were added. The mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 2.0-4.0 h until the starting material disappeared. 10 mL H₂O was added, and the mixture was kept at 0° C. for 2 h. The precipitated powder was washed with H₂O, re-crystallized from MeCN—H₂O, and dried in a desiccator over NaOH. The average yield of the desirable tyrenes was 60-75%. See Table 2 for details.

For Compound CRC-47, the results were as follows:

• • a. MS (m/z, rel.intensity, %): 354.9 ([M+H]⁺, 100), 372.1 ([M+NH₄]⁺, 66), 377.0 ([M+Na]⁺, 47).

For Compound CRH-48, the results were as follows:

• • a. ¹H-NMR (8, ppm): 4.38 (s, 2H, NHCH₂Ph′), 6.64 (dd, 1H, J 2:0 and 8.1 Hz, H^6′), 6.67 (dd, 1H, J 2.2 and 7.9 Hz, H³), 6.76 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz, H^5′), 6.85 (d, 1H, J=2.0 Hz, H^2′), 6.90 (d, 1H, J=2.2 Hz, H⁴), 7.05 (dd, 1H, J 11.5 and 15.0 Hz, Hβ olefinic), 7.31 (d, 1H, J=15.0 Hz, Hγ olefinic), 7.79 (d, 1H, J=7.9 Hz, H²), 8.01 (d, 1H, J=11.5 Hz, Hα olefinic).
  • b. MS (m/z, rel.intensity, %): 311.0 ([M+H]⁺, 100), 328.0 ([M+NH₄]⁺, 25), 333.0 ([M+Na]⁺, 8).

For Compound CRH-58, the results were as follows:

• • a. MS (m/z, rel.intensity, %): 322.0 ([M+H]⁺, 100).

For Compound CRH-59, the results were as follows:

• • a. MS (m/z, rel.intensity, %): 229.2 (31), 290.0 ([M+H]⁺, 100).

For Compound CRH-60, the results were as follows:

• • a. ¹H-NMR (8, ppm): 4.38 (s, 2H, NHCH₂Ph′), 6.68 (dd, 1H, J 2.0 and 8.1 Hz, H^6′), 6.76 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz, H^5′), 6.86 (d, 1H, J=2.2 Hz, H⁴), 6.99 (dd, 1H, J 11.5 and 15.0 Hz, HP olefinic), 7.19 (dd, 1H, J 2.2 and 7.9 Hz, H³), 7.50 (d, 1H, J=7.9 Hz, H²), 7.68 (d, 1H, J=15.0 Hz, Hγ olefinic), 7.72 (d, 1H, J=2.0 Hz, H^2′), 8.02 (d, 1H, J=11.5 Hz, Hα olefinic).
  • b. MS (m/z, rel.intensity, %): 327.3 ([M+H]⁺, 100), 344.3 ([M+NH₄]⁺, 13), 349.3 ([M+Na]⁺, 40).

For Compound CRS-75, the results were as follows:

• • a. ¹H-NMR (8, ppm): 7.31-7.44 (m, 5H, Ph+olefinic), 7.50 (d, 1H, J 16.4 Hz; olefinic), 7.67, 7.82 (2×m, 4H, phenylene), 8.06 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz, Py), 8.29 (s, 1H, CH═CCN), 8.54 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz, Py).
  • b. MS (m/z, rel.intensity, %): 366.0 ([M+H]⁺, 100).

For Compound CRS-76, the results were as follows:

• • a. MS (m/z, rel.intensity, %): 264.0 (100), 398.0 ([M+H]⁺, 21)

For Compound CRS-76, the results were as follows:

• • a. ¹H-NMR (8, ppm): 4.64 (s, 2H, NHCH₂Ar′), 7.39, 7.62 (2×m, 4H, Ph), 7.47, 7.54 (2×d, 2×1H, J=16.5 Hz, olefinic), 7.89, 8.09, 8.54-8.60 (3×m, 8H, Py), 8.30 (s, 1H, CH═CCN).
  • b. MS (m/z, rel.intensity, %): 264.1 (63), 366.9 ([M+H]⁺, 100).

To a solution of 25 mg of OT-70A in 4 mL of acetone, 4 mL of 3N HCl was added and the mixture was heated at 50° C. for 2 h. 10 mL of water was added, acetone was partially evaporated, and the mixture was left at 5° C. for crystallization. The formed crystals were filtered off, washed with water and dried in vacuo over NaOH. The results were as follows:

• • a. UV, λ_max 331, 406 nm.
  • b. ¹H-NMR (8, ppm): 4.58 (s, 2H, NHCH₂Ph′), 6.81 (dd, 1H, J 2.9 and 8.8 Hz, H⁴), 6.87 (d, 1H, J=8.8 Hz, H³), 7.09 (d, 1H, J=2.9 Hz, H⁶), 7.28; 7.34-7.43 (2×m, 5H, Ph′), 7.37 (dd, 1H, J 11.7 and 15.4 Hz, Hβ olefinic), 7.62 (d, 1H, J=15.4 Hz, Hγ olefinic), 8.06 (d, 1H, J=11.7 Hz, Hα olefinic).
  • c. MS (m/z, rel.intensity, %): 321.0 ([M+H]⁺, 100), 338.0 ([M+NH₄]⁺, 9).

To 201 mg (0.56 mmol) of TT-86 in 100 mL of dichloromethane, 560 mg (2.24 mmol) of boron tribromide was added at −10° C. The mixture was stirred 0.5 h at −10° C. and 1 h at room temperature. 100 mL of water was added, and the organic layer was separated, dried with Na₂SO₄ and evaporated. The oily residue was crystallized from ethanol-water at 5° C. The formed crystals were filtered off, washed with water and dried in vacuo over NaOH. The results were as follows:

• • a. Yield 81 mg (42%).
  • b. UV, λ_max 278 and 414 nm.
  • c. MS (m/z, rel.intensity, %): 347.1 ([M+H]⁺, 100), 269.0 ([M-Ph′]⁺, 26), 186.8 ([M-CONHCH₂Ph′], 33), 105.1 ([NCH₂Ph′]⁺, 34).

Z119 cells were plated in 1 ml volumes at a density of 5×10⁴ cells/ml, in the absence of exogenous growth factors, into 35 mm petri dishes (Nunc, Gibco) containing IMDM (OCI, Toronto) plus 20% FCS. (Cansera Rexdale, ON.) in 0:9% (vol/vol) methylcellulose (Fluka, Switzerland) with the indicated concentration of for various test compounds described above. Cultures were set at 37° C., 5% CO₂ in a humidified atmosphere. Colonies consisting of more than 20 cells were counted at 7-9 days using an inverted microscope. The results for various test compounds described above are presented in Tables 3.

OCI-AML-3 cells were plated in 35 mm, pad dishes (Nunc, Gibco) in 1 ml volumes at a density of 3.3×10³ cells/ml, in the absence of exogenous growth factors, containing alpha MEM plus 30% FCS (Cansera, Rexdale Ont.), and 0.9% (vol/vol) methylcellulose (Fluka, Switzerland) and the indicated concentrations of for'various test compounds described above. Cell cultures were incubated in a humidified atmosphere at 37° C. with 5% CO₂. Colonies containing more than 20 cells were scored, using an inverted microscope, at 5-6 days. The results for various test compounds described above are presented in Table 3.

C1 (at 2×10⁴ cells/ml) were plated in 1 ml volumes, in the absence of exogenous growth factors, into 35 mm Petri dishes (Nunc, Gibco) containing alpha MEM (Gibco) plus 10% FCS (Cansera Rexdale, Ont.) in 0.9% (vol/vol) methylcellulose (Fluka, Switzerland). Cultures were set up at 37° C. with 5% CO, in a humidified atmosphere. Colonies consisting of more than 20 cells were counted in 5-7 days using an inverted microscope. For further information, see Leukemia, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1992, pg. 8-17 and Nature, Vol. 379, 15 February, 1996. The results for various test compounds described above are presented in Table 3.

The CFU-GEMM assay was performed according to Fauser and Messner (1978, Blood, 52(6) 143-8) and Messner and Fausser (1980, Blut, 41(5) 327-33) with some variations. In brief, heparinized bone marrow cells were layered over Percoll (1.077 gm/ml) (Pharmacia Fine Chemical, Piscataway N.J.) and centrifuged at 400 g at 4° C. for 10 minutes to remove neutrophils and RBCs. The fractionated BM cells at 2×10⁵ cells/ml were cultured in IMDM (OCI, Toronto) containing 0.9% (vol/vol) methylcellulose supplemented with 30% FCS (Cansera Rexdale, ON.) or normal human plasma, a cocktail of cytokines containing G-CSF (10 ng/ml, Amgen), IL-3 (40 U/ml, Immunex), MGF (50 ng/ml, Immunex), Erythropoietin (2 Epprex) or TPO (10 ng/ml, Amgen), 5×10⁻⁵ M β-2-mercaptoethanol and the specified concentration of CR4. The culture mixture was plated in 1 ml volumes into 35 mm petri dishes and incubated at 37° C., 5% CO, in a humidified atmosphere. All cultures were evaluated at 14 days for the number of BFU-E colonies. (defined as aggregates of more than 500 hemoglobinized cells or, 3 or more erythroid subcolonies), OFU-GM colonies (defined as granulocyte or monocyte-macrophage cells or both), CFU-Meg colonies (comprising 4 or more megakaryocytes) and CFU-GEMM colonies (a mixed population comprising of all elements). The results for various test compounds described above are presented in Table 3.

While the results in Table 3 for many of the test compounds are good, it is believed that the best results are those reported for compound CRH-58.

While this invention has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments and examples, the description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Thus, various modifications of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to this description. For example, many of the specific compounds of the present invention are encompassed by the general compounds of the Formulæ I, II, III, IV and/or V. For the purposes of 35 U.S.C. §112 (first paragraph) and Article 123(2)/(3) EPC, it should be understood that the use of general compounds of the Formulæ I, II, III, IV and/or V is shorthand for listing each specific compound encompassed thereby. Thus, general compounds of the Formulæ I, II, III, IV and/or V are to be considered substantively identical to a list of specific compounds derived from all permutations and combinations covered by a general compound. As such, for the purposes of 35 U.S.C. §112 (first paragraph) and Article 123(2)/(3) EPC, the right to use one or more provisos or disclaimers to clarify the definition of a general formula is expressly reserved (i.e., having the effect of selecting members of a list of specific compounds derived from a general compound). It is therefore contemplated that the appended claims will cover any such modifications or embodiments.

All publications, patents and patent applications referred to herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety.

TABLE 1 Yield, λ_max, Code Structural formula %. nm CRT-67 69 280, 415 CRT-86 85 274, 413 CRO-90 74 374 CRO-91 68 375

TABLE 2 Yield, λ_max, Code Structural formula % nm CRC-47 74 337 CRH-48 75 374 CRH-58 60 331 CRH-59 62 328 CRH-60 64 284, 375 CRO-70A 72 336 CRO-70 100 331, 406 CRS-75 65 248, 375 CRS-76 62 368 CRS-77 69 370

TABLE 3 ALL (Z 119) AML (OCI AML-3) ALL (CI) NBM (BFU-E) Code IC50, μM IC50, μM IC50, μm IC50, μM CRC-47  <0.125 — — <<5.0 CRH-48 0.25-0.5 =0.23 ≧0.25 ≦10.0 CRH-58  =0.26 >0.5 >0.5 7.5-9.8 CRH-59 >1.0 — — >10.0 CRH-60 <0.5 — — 7.1 CRT-67 ≦0.5  >0.5 >0.5 10.2 CRO-70  =0.26 >0.5 >0.5 6.9 CRS-75 >1.0 ≧0.5 ≧0.5 >10 CRS-76 >1.0 — — >10.0 CRS-77 >1.0 — — >10.0 CRT-88 <0.5 — — 3.1-5.4