Method and apparatus for high rate packet data transmission   

The present Application for patent is a continuation of patent application Ser. No. 11/529,934, filed Sep. 29, 2006, which is a continuation of patent application Ser. No. 10/809,213, filed Mar. 25, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,184,426, issued Feb. 27, 2007, which is a continuation of patent application Ser. No. 10/318,489, filed Dec. 12, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,079,550, issued Jul. 18, 2006, which is a continuation of patent application Ser. No. 08/963,386, filed Nov. 3, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,574,211, issued Jun. 3, 2003, all assigned to the assignee hereof and hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

I. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to data communication. More particularly, the present invention relates to a novel and improved method and apparatus for high rate packet data transmission.

II. Description of the Related Art

A modern day communication system is required to support a variety of applications. One such communication system is a code division multiple access (CDMA) system which conforms to the “TIA/EIA/IS-95 Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual-Mode Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular System,” hereinafter referred to as the IS-95 standard. The CDMA system allows for voice and data communications between users over a terrestrial link. The use of CDMA techniques in a multiple access communication system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,307, entitled “SPREAD SPECTRUM MULTIPLE ACCESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING SATELLITE OR TERRESTRIAL REPEATERS,” and U.S. Pat. No. 5,103,459, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR GENERATING WAVEFORMS IN A CDMA CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM,” both assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated by reference herein.

In this specification, base station refers to the hardware with which the mobile stations communicate. Cell refers to the hardware or the geographic coverage area, depending on the context in which the term is used. A sector is a partition of a cell. Because a sector of a CDMA system has the attributes of a cell, the teachings described in terms of cells are readily extended to sectors.

In the CDMA system, communications between users are conducted through one or more base stations. A first user on one mobile station communicates to a second user on a second mobile station by transmitting data on the reverse link to a base station. The base station receives the data and can route the data to another base station. The data is transmitted on the forward link of the same base station, or a second base station, to the second mobile station. The forward link refers to transmission from the base station to a mobile station and the reverse link refers to transmission from the mobile station to a base station. In IS-95 systems, the forward link and the reverse link are allocated separate frequencies.

The mobile station communicates with at least one base station during a communication. CDMA mobile stations are capable of communicating with multiple base stations simultaneously during soft handoff. Soft handoff is the process of establishing a link with a new base station before breaking the link with the previous base station. Soft handoff minimizes the probability of dropped calls. The method and system for providing a communication with a mobile station through more than one base station during the soft handoff process are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,267,261, entitled “MOBILE STATION ASSISTED SOFT HANDOFF IN A CDMA CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM,” assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated by reference herein. Softer handoff is the process whereby the communication occurs over multiple sectors which are serviced by the same base station. The process of softer handoff is described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/763,498, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PERFORMING HANDOFF BETWEEN SECTORS OF A COMMON BASE STATION,” filed Dec. 11, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,933,787, issued Aug. 3, 1999, by Klein S. Gilhousen et al., assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated by reference herein.

Given the growing demand for wireless data applications, the need for very efficient wireless data communication systems has become increasingly significant. The IS-95 standard is capable of transmitting traffic data and voice data over the forward and reverse links. A method for transmitting traffic data in code channel frames of fixed size is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,504,773, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE FORMATTING OF DATA FOR TRANSMISSION,” assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated by reference herein. In accordance with the IS-95 standard, the traffic data or voice data is partitioned into code channel frames which are 20 msec. wide with data rates as high as 14.4 Kbps.

A significant difference between voice services and data services is the fact that the former imposes stringent and fixed delay requirements. Typically, the overall one-way delay of speech frames must be less than 100 msec. In contrast, the data delay can become a variable parameter used to optimize the efficiency of the data communication system. Specifically, more efficient error correcting coding techniques which require significantly larger delays than those that can be tolerated by voice services can be utilized. An exemplary efficient coding scheme for data is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/743,688, entitled “SOFT DECISION OUTPUT DECODER FOR DECODING CONVOLUTIONALLY ENCODED CODEWORDS,” filed Nov. 6, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,933,462, issued Aug. 3, 1999, by Andrew J. Viterbi et al., assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated by reference herein.

Another significant difference between voice services and data services is that the former requires a fixed and common grade of service (GOS) for all users. Typically, for digital systems providing voice services, this translates into a fixed and equal transmission rate for all users and a maximum tolerable value for the error rates of the speech frames. In contrast, for data services, the GOS can be different from user to user and can be a parameter optimized to increase the overall efficiency of the data communication system. The GOS of a data communication system is typically defined as the total delay incurred in the transfer of a predetermined amount of data, hereinafter referred to as a data packet.

Yet another significant difference between voice services and data services is that the former requires a reliable communication link which, in the exemplary CDMA communication system, is provided by soft handoff. Soft handoff results in redundant transmissions from two or more base stations to improve reliability. However, this additional reliability is not required for data transmission because the data packets received in error can be retransmitted. For data services, the transmit power used to support soft handoff can be more efficiently used for transmitting additional data.

The parameters which measure the quality and effectiveness of a data communication system are the transmission delay required to transfer a data packet and the average throughput rate of the system. Transmission delay does not have the same impact in data communication as it does for voice communication, but it is an important metric for measuring the quality of the data communication system. The average throughput rate is a measure of the efficiency of the data transmission capability of the communication system.

It is well known that in cellular systems the signal-to-noise and interference ratio (C/I) of any given user is a function of the location of the user within the coverage area. In order to maintain a given level of service, TDMA and FDMA systems resort to frequency reuse techniques, i.e., not all frequency channels and/or time slots are used in each base station. In a CDMA system, the same frequency allocation is reused in every cell of the system, thereby improving the overall efficiency. The C/I that any given user\'s mobile station achieves determines the information rate that can be supported for this particular link from the base station to the user\'s mobile station. Given the specific modulation and error correction method used for the transmission, which the present invention seek to optimize for data transmissions, a given level of performance is achieved at a corresponding level of C/I. For idealized cellular system with hexagonal cell layouts and utilizing a common frequency in every cell, the distribution of C/I achieved within the idealized cells can be calculated.

The C/I achieved by any given user is a function of the path loss, which for terrestrial cellular systems increases as r3 to r5, where r is the distance to the radiating source. Furthermore, the path loss is subject to random variations due to man-made or natural obstructions within the path of the radio wave. These random variations are typically modeled as a lognormal shadowing random process with a standard deviation of 8 dB. The resulting C/I distribution achieved for an ideal hexagonal cellular layout with omni-directional base station antennas, r4 propagation law, and shadowing process with 8 dB standard deviation is shown in FIG. 10.

The obtained C/I distribution can only be achieved if, at any instant in time and at any location, the mobile station is served by the best base station which is defined as that achieving the largest C/I value, regardless of the physical distance to each base station. Because of the random nature of the path loss as described above, the signal with the largest C/I value can be one, which is other than the minimum physical distance from the mobile station. In contrast, if a mobile station was to communicate only via the base station of minimum distance, the C/I can be substantially degraded. It is therefore beneficial for mobile stations to communicate to and from the best serving base station at all times, thereby achieving the optimum C/I value. It can also be observed that the range of values of the achieved C/I, in the above idealized model and as shown in FIG. 10, is such that the difference between the highest and lowest value can be as large as 10,000. In practical implementation the range is typically limited to approximately 1:100 or 20 dB. It is therefore possible for a CDMA base station to serve mobile stations with information bit rates that can vary by as much as a factor of 100, since the following relationship holds:

R b = W  ( C / I ) ( E b / I o ) , ( 1 )

where Rb represents the information rate to a particular mobile station, W is the total bandwidth occupied by the spread spectrum signal, and Eb/Io is the energy per bit over interference density required to achieve a given level of performance. For instance, if the spread spectrum signal occupies a bandwidth W of 1.2288 MHz and reliable communication requires an average Eb/Io equal to 3 dB, then a mobile station which achieves a C/I value of 3 dB to the best base station can communicate at a data rate as high as 1.2288 Mbps. On the other hand, if a mobile station is subject to substantial interference from adjacent base stations and can only achieve a C/I of −7 dB, reliable communication cannot be supported at a rate greater than 122.88 Kbps. A communication system designed to optimize the average throughput will therefore attempts to serve each remote user from the best serving base station and at the highest data rate Rb which the remote user can reliably support. The data communication system of the present invention exploits the characteristic cited above and optimizes the data throughput from the CDMA base stations to the mobile stations.

SUMMARY

In one exemplary embodiment, a method used in a wireless communication system is provided. A data request message may be periodically transmitting by a mobile station to a base station. The data request message may provide information about orthogonal codes to be used by the base station to communicate with the mobile station. The mobile station may receive data transmitted by the base station, the data being transmitted by the base station based on the information about the orthogonal codes provided in the data request message. The information about the orthogonal codes may be based on a quality measure made by the mobile station on a forward link pilot channel from the base station to the mobile station.

In another exemplary embodiment, a mobile station used in a wireless communication system is provided. The mobile station may include means for periodically transmitting a data request message to a base station. The data request message may provide information about orthogonal codes to be used by the base station to communicate with the mobile station. The mobile station may further include means for receiving data transmitted by the base station, the data being transmitted by the base station based on the information about the orthogonal codes provided in the data request message. The information about the orthogonal codes may be based on a quality measure made by the mobile station on a forward link pilot channel from the base station to the mobile station.

In a further exemplary embodiment, a mobile station used in a wireless communication system is provided. The mobile station may include at least one processor configured to periodically transmit a data request message to a base station. The data request message may provide information about orthogonal codes to be used by the base station to communicate with the mobile station. The at least one processor may be further configured to receive data transmitted by the base station, the data being transmitted by the base station based on the information about the orthogonal codes provided in the data request message. The information about the orthogonal codes may be based on a quality measure made by the mobile station on a forward link pilot channel from the base station to the mobile station. The mobile station may further include memory coupled to the at least one processor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The features, objects, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings in which like reference characters identify correspondingly throughout and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a data communication system of the present invention comprising a plurality of cells, a plurality of base stations and a plurality of mobile stations;

FIG. 2 is an exemplary block diagram of the subsystems of the data communication system of the present invention;

FIGS. 3A-3B are block diagrams of the exemplary forward link architecture of the present invention;

FIG. 4A is a diagram of the exemplary forward link frame structure of the present invention;

FIGS. 4B-4C are diagrams of the exemplary forward traffic channel and power control channel, respectively;

FIG. 4D is a diagram of the punctured packet of the present invention;

FIGS. 4E-4G are diagrams of the two exemplary data packet formats and the control channel capsule, respectively;

FIG. 5 is an exemplary timing diagram showing the high rate packet transmission on the forward link;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the exemplary reverse link architecture of the present invention;

FIG. 7A is a diagram of the exemplary reverse link frame structure of the present invention;

FIG. 7B is a diagram of the exemplary reverse link access channel;

FIG. 8 is an exemplary timing diagram showing the high rate data transmission on the reverse link;

FIG. 9 is an exemplary state diagram showing the transitions between the various operating states of the mobile station; and

FIG. 10 is a diagram of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the C/I distribution in an ideal hexagonal cellular layout.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the data communication system of the present invention, forward link data transmission occurs from one base station to one mobile station (see FIG. 1) at or near the maximum data rate which can be supported by the forward link and the system. Reverse link data communication can occur from one mobile station to one or more base stations. The calculation of the maximum data rate for forward link transmission is described in detail below. Data is partitioned into data packets, with each data packet being transmitted over one or more time slots (or slots). At each time slot, the base station can direct data transmission to any mobile station which is in communication with the base station.

Initially, the mobile station establishes communication with a base station using a predetermined access procedure. In this connected state, the mobile station can receive data and control messages from the base station, and is able to transmit data and control messages to the base station. The mobile station then monitors the forward link for transmissions from the base stations in the active set of the mobile station. The active set contains a list of base stations in communication with the mobile station. Specifically, the mobile station measures the signal-to-noise-and-interference ratio (C/I) of the forward link pilot from the base stations in the active set, as received at the mobile station. If the received pilot signal is above a predetermined add threshold or below a predetermined drop threshold, the mobile station reports this to the base station. Subsequent messages from the base station direct the mobile station to add or delete the base station(s) to or from its active set, respectively. The various operating states of the mobile station are described below.

If there is no data to send, the mobile station returns to an idle state and discontinues transmission of data rate information to the base station(s). While the mobile station is in the idle state, the mobile station monitors the control channel from one or more base stations in the active set for paging messages.

If there is data to be transmitted to the mobile station, the data is sent by a central controller to all base stations in the active set and stored in a queue at each base station. A paging message is then sent by one or more base stations to the mobile station on the respective control channels. The base station may transmit all such paging messages at the same time across several base stations in order to ensure reception even when the mobile station is switching between base stations. The mobile station demodulates and decodes the signals on one or more control channels to receive the paging messages.

Upon decoding the paging messages, and for each time slot until the data transmission is completed, the mobile station measures the C/I of the forward link signals from the base stations in the active set, as received at the mobile station. The C/I of the forward link signals can be obtained by measuring the respective pilot signals. The mobile station then selects the best base station based on a set of parameters. The set of parameters can comprise the present and previous C/I measurements and the bit-error-rate or packet-error-rate. For example, the best base station can be selected based on the largest C/I measurement. The mobile station then identifies the best base station and transmits to the selected base station a data request message (hereinafter referred to as the DRC message) on the data request channel (hereinafter referred to as the DRC channel). The DRC message can contain the requested data rate or, alternatively, an indication of the quality of the forward link channel (e.g., the C/I measurement itself, the bit-error-rate, or the packet-error-rate). In the exemplary embodiment, the mobile station can direct the transmission of the DRC message to a specific base station by the use of a Walsh code, which uniquely identifies the base station. The DRC message symbols are exclusively OR\'ed (XOR) with the unique Walsh code. Since each base station in the active set of the mobile station is identified by a unique Walsh code, only the selected base station which performs the identical XOR operation as that performed by the mobile station, with the correct Walsh code, can correctly decode the DRC message. The base station uses the rate control information from each mobile station to efficiently transmit forward link data at the highest possible rate.

At each time slot, the base station can select any of the paged mobile stations for data transmission. The base station then determines the data rate at which to transmit the data to the selected mobile station based on the most recent value of the DRC message received from the mobile station. Additionally, the base station uniquely identifies a transmission to a particular mobile station by using a spreading code, which is unique to that mobile station. In the exemplary embodiment, this spreading code is the long pseudo noise (PN) code, which is defined by IS-95 standard.

The mobile station, for which the data packet is intended, receives the data transmission and decodes the data packet. Each data packet comprises a plurality of data units. In the exemplary embodiment, a data unit comprises eight information bits, although different data unit sizes can be defined and are within the scope of the present invention. In the exemplary embodiment, each data unit is associated with a sequence number and the mobile stations are able to identify either missed or duplicative transmissions. In such events, the mobile stations communicate via the reverse link data channel the sequence numbers of the missing data units. The base station controllers, which receive the data messages from the mobile stations, then indicate to all base stations communicating with this particular mobile station which data units were not received by the mobile station. The base stations then schedule a retransmission of such data units. Each mobile station in the data communication system can communicate with multiple base stations on the reverse link. In the exemplary embodiment, the data communication system of the present invention supports soft handoff and softer handoff on the reverse link for several reasons. First, soft handoff does not consume additional capacity on the reverse link but rather allows the mobile stations to transmit data at the minimum power level such that at least one of the base stations can reliably decode the data. Second, reception of the reverse link signals by more base stations increases the reliability of the transmission and only requires additional hardware at the base stations.

In the exemplary embodiment, the forward link capacity of the data transmission system of the present invention is determined by the rate requests of the mobile stations. Additional gains in the forward link capacity can be achieved by using directional antennas and/or adaptive spatial filters. An exemplary method and apparatus for providing directional transmissions are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/575,049, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING THE TRANSMISSION DATA RATE IN A MULTI-USER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM,” filed Dec. 20, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,857,147, issued Jan. 5, 1999, by William R. Gardner et al., and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/925,521, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROVIDING ORTHOGONAL SPOT BEAMS, SECTORS, AND PICOCELLS,” filed Sep. 8, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,285,655, issued Sep. 4, 2001, by Stein A. Lundby et al., both assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated by reference herein.

Referring to the figures, FIG. 1 represents the exemplary data communication system of the present invention which comprises multiple cells 2a-2g. Each cell 2 is serviced by a corresponding base station 4. Various mobile stations 6 are dispersed throughout the data communication system. In the exemplary embodiment, each of mobile stations 6 communicates with at most one base station 4 on the forward link at each time slot but can be in communication with one or more base stations 4 on the reverse link, depending on whether the mobile station 6 is in soft handoff. For example, base station 4a transmits data exclusively to mobile station 6a, base station 4b transmits data exclusively to mobile station 6b, and base station 4c transmits data exclusively to mobile station 6c on the forward link at time slot n. In FIG. 1, the solid line with the arrow indicates a data transmission from base station 4 to mobile station 6. A broken line with the arrow indicates that mobile station 6 is receiving the pilot signal, but no data transmission, from base station 4. The reverse link communication is not shown in FIG. 1 for simplicity.

As shown by FIG. 1, each base station 4 preferably transmits data to one mobile station 6 at any given moment. Mobile stations 6, especially those located near a cell boundary, can receive the pilot signals from multiple base stations 4. If the pilot signal is above a predetermined threshold, mobile station 6 can request that base station 4 be added to the active set of mobile station 6. In the exemplary embodiment, mobile station 6 can receive data transmission from zero or one member of the active set.

A block diagram illustrating the basic subsystems of the data communication system of the present invention is shown in FIG. 2. Base station controller 10 interfaces with packet network interface 24, PSTN 30, and all base stations 4 in the data communication system (only one base station 4 is shown in FIG. 2 for simplicity). Base station controller 10 coordinates the communication between mobile stations 6 in the data communication system and other users connected to packet network interface 24 and PSTN 30. PSTN 30 interfaces with users through the standard telephone network (not shown in FIG. 2).

Base station controller 10 contains many selector elements 14, although only one is shown in FIG. 2 for simplicity. One selector element 14 is assigned to control the communication between one or more base stations 4 and one mobile station 6. If selector element 14 has not been assigned to mobile station 6, call control processor 16 is informed of the need to page mobile station 6. Call control processor 16 then directs base station 4 to page mobile station 6.

Data source 20 contains the data which is to be transmitted to mobile station 6. Data source 20 provides the data to packet network interface 24. Packet network interface 24 receives the data and routes the data to selector element 14. Selector element 14 sends the data to each base station 4 in communication with mobile station 6. Each base station 4 maintains data queue 40, which contains the data to be transmitted to mobile station 6.

In the exemplary embodiment, on the forward link, a data packet refers to a predetermined amount of data, which is independent of the data rate. The data packet is formatted with other control and coding bits and encoded. If data transmission occurs over multiple Walsh channels, the encoded packet is demultiplexed into parallel streams, with each stream transmitted over one Walsh channel.

The data is sent, in data packets, from data queue 40 to channel element 42. For each data packet, channel element 42 inserts the necessary control fields. The data packet, control fields, frame check sequence bits, and code tail bits comprise a formatted packet. Channel element 42 then encodes one or more formatted packets and interleaves (or reorders) the symbols within the encoded packets. Next, the interleaved packet is scrambled with a scrambling sequence, covered with Walsh covers, and spread with the long PN code and the short PNI and PNQ codes. The spread data is quadrature modulated, filtered, and amplified by a transmitter within RF unit 44. The forward link signal is transmitted over the air through antenna 46 on forward link 50.

At mobile station 6, the forward link signal is received by antenna 60 and routed to a receiver within front end 62. The receiver filters, amplifies, quadrature demodulates, and quantizes the signal. The digitized signal is provided to demodulator (DEMOD) 64 where it is despread with the long PN code and the short PNI and PNQ codes, discovered with the Walsh covers, and descrambled with the identical scrambling sequence. The demodulated data is provided to decoder 66 which performs the inverse of the signal processing functions done at base station 4, specifically the de-interleaving, decoding, and frame check functions. The decoded data is provided to data sink 68. The hardware, as described above, supports transmissions of data, messaging, voice, video, and other communications over the forward link.

The system control and scheduling functions can be accomplished by many implementations. The location of channel scheduler 48 is dependent on whether a centralized or distributed control/scheduling processing is desired. For example, for distributed processing, channel scheduler 48 can be located within each base station 4. Conversely, for centralized processing, channel scheduler 48 can be located within base station controller 10 and can be designed to coordinate the data transmissions of multiple base stations 4. Other implementations of the above described functions can be contemplated and are within the scope of the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 1, mobile stations 6 are dispersed throughout the data communication system and can be in communication with zero or one base station 4 on the forward link. In the exemplary embodiment, channel scheduler 48 coordinates the forward link data transmissions of one base station 4. In the exemplary embodiment, channel scheduler 48 connects to data queue 40 and channel element 42 within base station 4 and receives the queue size, which is indicative of the amount of data to transmit to mobile station 6, and the DRC messages from mobile stations 6. Channel scheduler 48 schedules high rate data transmission such that the system goals of maximum data throughput and minimum transmission delay are optimized.

In the exemplary embodiment, the data transmission is scheduled based in part on the quality of the communication link. An exemplary communication system which selects the transmission rate based on the link quality is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/741,320, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROVIDING HIGH SPEED DATA COMMUNICATIONS IN A CELLULAR ENVIRONMENT,” filed Sep. 11, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,496,543, issued Dec. 17, 2002, by Ephraim Zehavi, assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated by reference herein. In the present invention, the scheduling of the data communication can be based on additional considerations such as the GOS of the user, the queue size, the type of data, the amount of delay already experienced, and the error rate of the data transmission. These considerations are described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/798,951, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR FORWARD LINK RATE SCHEDULING,” filed Feb. 11, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,335,922, issued Jan. 1, 2002, by Edward G. Tiedemann Jr. et al., and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/835,632, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REVERSE LINK RATE SCHEDULING,” filed Aug. 20, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,914,950, issued Jun. 22, 1999, by Tao Chen et al., both are assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated by reference herein. Other factors can be considered in scheduling data transmissions and are within the scope of the present invention.

The data communication system of the present invention supports data and message transmissions on the reverse link. Within mobile station 6, controller 76 processes the data or message transmission by routing the data or message to encoder 72. Controller 76 can be implemented in a microcontroller, a microprocessor, a digital signal processing (DSP) chip, or an ASIC programmed to perform the function as described herein.

In the exemplary embodiment, encoder 72 encodes the message consistent with the Blank and Burst signaling data format described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,504,773. Encoder 72 then generates and appends a set of CRC bits, appends a set of code tail bits, encodes the data and appended bits, and reorders the symbols within the encoded data. The interleaved data is provided to modulator (MOD) 74. Modulator 74 can be implemented in many embodiments. In the exemplary embodiment (see FIG. 6), the interleaved data is covered with Walsh codes, spread with a long PN code, and further spread with the short PN codes. The spread data is provided to a transmitter within front end 62. The transmitter modulates, filters, amplifies, and transmits the reverse link signal over the air, through antenna 60, on reverse link 52.

In the exemplary embodiment, mobile station 6 spreads the reverse link data in accordance with a long PN code. Each reverse link channel is defined in accordance with the temporal offset of a common long PN sequence. At two differing offsets the resulting modulation sequences are uncorrelated. The offset of a mobile station 6 is determined in accordance with a unique numerical identification of mobile station 6, which in the exemplary embodiment of the IS-95 mobile stations 6 is the mobile station specific identification number. Thus, each mobile station 6 transmits on one uncorrelated reverse link channel determined in accordance with its unique electronic serial number.

At base station 4, the reverse link signal is received by antenna 46 and provided to RF unit 44. RF unit 44 filters, amplifies, demodulates, and quantizes the signal and provides the digitized signal to channel element 42. Channel element 42 despreads the digitized signal with the short PN codes and the long PN code. Channel element 42 also performs the Walsh code discovering and pilot and DRC extraction. Channel element 42 then reorders the demodulated data, decodes the de-interleaved data, and performs the CRC check function. The decoded data, e.g., the data or message, is provided to selector element 14. Selector element 14 routes the data and message to the appropriate destination. Channel element 42 may also forward a quality indicator to selector element 14 indicative of the condition of the received data packet.

In the exemplary embodiment, mobile station 6 can be in one of three operating states. An exemplary state diagram showing the transitions between the various operating states of mobile station 6 is shown in FIG. 9. In the access state 902, mobile station 6 sends access probes and waits for channel assignment by base station 4. The channel assignment comprises allocation of resources, such as a power control channel and frequency allocation. Mobile station 6 can transition from the access state 902 to the connected state 904 if mobile station 6 is paged and alerted to an upcoming data transmission, or if mobile station 6 transmits data on the reverse link. In the connected state 904, mobile station 6 exchanges (e.g., transmits or receives) data and performs handoff operations. Upon completion of a release procedure, mobile station 6 transitions from the connected state 904 to the idle state 906. Mobile station 6 can also transmission from the access state 902 to the idle state 906 upon being rejected of a connection with base station 4. In the idle state 906, mobile station 6 listens to overhead and paging messages by receiving and decoding messages on the forward control channel and performs idle handoff procedure. Mobile station 6 can transition to the access state 902 by initiating the procedure. The state diagram shown in FIG. 9 is only an exemplary state definition, which is shown for illustration. Other state diagrams can also be utilized and are within the scope of the present invention.

In the exemplary embodiment, the initiation of a communication between mobile station 6 and base station 4 occurs in a similar manner as that for the CDMA system. After completion of the call set up, mobile station 6 monitors the control channel for paging messages. While in the connected state, mobile station 6 begins transmission of the pilot signal on the reverse link.

An exemplary flow diagram of the forward link high rate data transmission of the present invention is shown in FIG. 5. If base station 4 has data to transmit to mobile station 6, base station 4 sends a paging message addressed to mobile station 6 on the control channel at block 502. The paging message can be sent from one or multiple base stations 4, depending on the handoff state of mobile station 6. Upon reception of the paging message, mobile station 6 begins the C/I measurement process at block 504. The C/I of the forward link signal is calculated from one or a combination of methods described below. Mobile station 6 then selects a requested data rate based on the best C/I measurement and transmits a DRC message on the DRC channel at block 506.

Within the same time slot, base station 4 receives the DRC message at block 508. If the next time slot is available for data transmission, base station 4 transmits data to mobile station 6 at the requested data rate at block 510. Mobile station 6 receives the data transmission at block 512. If the next time slot is available, base station 4 transmits the remainder of the packet at block 514 and mobile station 6 receives the data transmission at block 516.

In the present invention, mobile station 6 can be in communication with one or more base stations 4 simultaneously. The actions taken by mobile station 6 depend on whether mobile station 6 is or is not in soft handoff. These two cases are discussed separately below.

In the no handoff case, mobile station 6 communicates with one base station 4. Referring to FIG. 2, the data destined for a particular mobile station 6 is provided to selector element 14 which has been assigned to control the communication with that mobile station 6. Selector element 14 forwards the data to data queue 40 within base station 4. Base station 4 queues the data and transmits a paging message on the control channel. Base station 4 then monitors the reverse link DRC channel for DRC messages from mobile station 6. If no signal is detected on the DRC channel, base station 4 can retransmit the paging message until the DRC message is detected. After a predetermined number of retransmission attempts, base station 4 can terminate the process or re-initiate a call with mobile station 6.

In the exemplary embodiment, mobile station 6 transmits the requested data rate, in the form of a DRC message, to base station 4 on the DRC channel. In the alternative embodiment, mobile station 6 transmits an indication of the quality of the forward link channel (e.g., the C/I measurement) to base station 4. In the exemplary embodiment, the 3-bit DRC message is decoded with soft decisions by base station 4. In the exemplary embodiment, the DRC message is transmitted within the first half of each time slot. Base station 4 then has the remaining half of the time slot to decode the DRC message and configure the hardware for data transmission at the next successive time slot, if that time slot is available for data transmission to this mobile station 6. If the next successive time slot is not available, base station 4 waits for the next available time slot and continues to monitor the DRC channel for the new DRC messages.

In the first embodiment, base station 4 transmits at the requested data rate. This embodiment confers to mobile station 6 the important decision of selecting the data rate. Always transmitting at the requested data rate has the advantage that mobile station 6 knows which data rate to expect. Thus, mobile station 6 only demodulates and decodes the traffic channel in accordance with the requested data rate. Base station 4 does not have to transmit a message to mobile station 6 indicating which data rate is being used by base station 4.

In the first embodiment, after reception of the paging message, mobile station 6 continuously attempts to demodulate the data at the requested data rate. Mobile station 6 demodulates the forward traffic channel and provides the soft decision symbols to the decoder. The decoder decodes the symbols and performs the frame check on the decoded packet to determine whether the packet was received correctly. If the packet was received in error or if the packet was directed for another mobile station 6, the frame check would indicate a packet error. Alternatively in the first embodiment, mobile station 6 demodulates the data on a slot-by-slot basis. In the exemplary embodiment, mobile station 6 is able to determine whether a data transmission is directed for it based on a preamble which is incorporated within each transmitted data packet, as described below. Thus, mobile station 6 can terminate the decoding process if it is determined that the transmission is directed for another mobile station 6. In either case, mobile station 6 transmits a negative acknowledgments (NACK) message to base station 4 to acknowledge the incorrect reception of the data units. Upon receipt of the NACK message, the data units received in error is retransmitted.

The transmission of the NACK messages can be implemented in a manner similar to the transmission of the error indicator bit (EIB) in the CDMA system. The implementation and use of EIB transmission are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,568,483, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE FORMATTING OF DATA FOR TRANSMISSION,” assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated by reference herein. Alternatively, NACK can be transmitted with messages.

In the second embodiment, the data rate is determined by base station 4 with input from mobile station 6. Mobile station 6 performs the C/I measurement and transmits an indication of the link quality (e.g., the C/I measurement) to base station 4. Base station 4 can adjust the requested data rate based on the resources available to base station 4, such as the queue size and the available transmit power. The adjusted data rate can be transmitted to mobile station 6 prior to or concurrent with data transmission at the adjusted data rate, or can be implied in the encoding of the data packets. In the first case, wherein mobile station 6 receives the adjusted data rate before the data transmission, mobile station 6 demodulates and decodes the received packet in the manner described in the first embodiment. In the second case, wherein the adjusted data rate is transmitted to mobile station 6 concurrent with the data transmission, mobile station 6 can demodulate the forward traffic channel and store the demodulated data. Upon receipt of the adjusted data rate, mobile station 6 decodes the data in accordance with the adjusted data rate. And in the third case, wherein the adjusted data rate is implied in the encoded data packets, mobile station 6 demodulates and decodes all candidate rates and determine a posteriori the transmit rate for selection of the decoded data. The method and apparatus for performing rate determination are described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/730,863, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING THE RATE OF RECEIVED DATA IN A VARIABLE RATE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM,” filed Oct. 18, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,751,725, issued May 12, 1998, by Tao Chen, and patent U.S. application Ser. No. 08/908,866, also entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING THE RATE OF RECEIVED DATA IN A VARIABLE RATE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM,” filed Aug. 17, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,175,590, issued Jan. 16, 2001, by Jeremy M. Stein, both assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated by reference herein. For all cases described above, mobile station 6 transmits a NACK message as described above if the outcome of the frame check is negative.

The discussion hereinafter is based on the first embodiment wherein mobile station 6 transmits to base station 4 the DRC message indicative of the requested data rate, except as otherwise indicated. However, the inventive concept described herein is equally applicable to the second embodiment wherein mobile station 6 transmits an indication of the link quality to base station 4.

In the handoff case, mobile station 6 communicates with multiple base stations 4 on the reverse link. In the exemplary embodiment, data transmission on the forward link to a particular mobile station 6 occurs from one base station 4. However, mobile station 6 can simultaneously receive the pilot signals from multiple base stations 4. If the C/I measurement of a base station 4 is above a predetermined threshold, the base station 4 is added to the active set of mobile station 6. During the soft handoff direction message, the new base station 4 assigns mobile station 6 to a reverse power control (RPC) Walsh channel which is described below. Each base station 4 in soft handoff with mobile station 6 monitors the reverse link transmission and sends an RPC bit on their respective RPC Walsh channels.

Referring to FIG. 2, selector element 14 assigned to control the communication with mobile station 6 forwards the data to all base stations 4 in the active set of mobile station 6. All base stations 4 which receive data from selector element 14 transmit a paging message to mobile station 6 on their respective control channels. When mobile station 6 is in the connected state, mobile station 6 performs two functions. First, mobile station 6 selects the best base station 4 based on a set of parameter which can be the best C/I measurement. Mobile station 6 then selects a data rate corresponding to the C/I measurement and transmits a DRC message to the selected base station 4. Mobile station 6 can direct transmission of the DRC message to a particular base station 4 by covering the DRC message with the Walsh cover assigned to that particular base station 4. Second, mobile station 6 attempts to demodulate the forward link signal in accordance with the requested data rate at each subsequent time slot.

After transmitting the paging messages, all base stations 4 in the active set monitor the DRC channel for a DRC message from mobile station 6. Again, because the DRC message is covered with a Walsh code, the selected base station 4 assigned with the identical Walsh cover is able to decover the DRC message. Upon receipt of the DRC message, the selected base station 4 transmits data to mobile station 6 at the next available time slots.

In the exemplary embodiment, base station 4 transmits data in packets comprising a plurality of data units at the requested data rate to mobile station 6. If the data units are incorrectly received by mobile station 6, a NACK message is transmitted on the reverse links to all base stations 4 in the active set. In the exemplary embodiment, the NACK message is demodulated and decoded by base stations 4 and forwarded to selector element 14 for processing. Upon processing of the NACK message, the data units are retransmitted using the procedure as described above. In the exemplary embodiment, selector element 14 combines the NACK signals received from all base stations 4 into one NACK message and sends the NACK message to all base stations 4 in the active set.

In the exemplary embodiment, mobile station 6 can detect changes in the best C/I measurement and dynamically request data transmissions from different base stations 4 at each time slot to improve efficiency. In the exemplary embodiment, since data transmission occurs from only one base station 4 at any given time slot, other base stations 4 in the active set may not be aware which data units, if any, has been transmitted to mobile station 6. In the exemplary embodiment, the transmitting base station 4 informs selector element 14 of the data transmission. Selector element 14 then sends a message to all base stations 4 in the active set. In the exemplary embodiment, the transmitted data is presumed to have been correctly received by mobile station 6. Therefore, if mobile station 6 requests data transmission from a different base station 4 in the active set, the new base station 4 transmits the remaining data units. In the exemplary embodiment, the new base station 4 transmits in accordance with the last transmission update from selector element 14. Alternatively, the new base station 4 selects the next data units to transmit using predictive schemes based on metrics such as the average transmission rate and prior updates from selector element 14. These mechanisms minimize duplicative retransmissions of the same data units by multiple base stations 4 at different time slots which result in a loss in efficiency. If a prior transmission was received in error, base stations 4 can retransmit those data units out of sequence since each data unit is identified by a unique sequence number as described below. In the exemplary embodiment, if a hole (or non-transmitted data units) is created (e.g., as the result of handoff between one base station 4 to another base station 4), the missing data units are considered as though received in error. Mobile station 6 transmits NACK messages corresponding to the missing data units and these data units are retransmitted.

In the exemplary embodiment, each base station 4 in the active set maintains an independent data queue 40 which contains the data to be transmitted to mobile station 6. The selected base station 4 transmits data existing in its data queue 40 in a sequential order, except for retransmissions of data units received in error and signaling messages. In the exemplary embodiment, the transmitted data units are deleted from queue 40 after transmission.

An important consideration in the data communication system of the present invention is the accuracy of the C/I estimates for the purpose of selecting the data rate for future transmissions. In the exemplary embodiment, the C/I measurements are performed on the pilot signals during the time interval when base stations 4 transmit pilot signals. In the exemplary embodiment, since only the pilot signals are transmitted during this pilot time interval, the effects of multipath and interference are minimal. In other implementations of the present invention wherein the pilot signals are transmitted continuously over an orthogonal code channel, similar to that for the IS-95 systems, the effect of multipath and interference can distort the C/I measurements. Similarly, when performing the C/I measurement on the data transmissions instead of the pilot signals, multipath and interference can also degrade the C/I measurements. In both of these cases, when one base station 4 is transmitting to one mobile station 6, the mobile station 6 is able to accurately measure the C/I of the forward link signal because no other interfering signals are present. However, when mobile station 6 is in soft handoff and receives the pilot signals from multiple base stations 4, mobile station 6 is not able to discern whether or not base stations 4 were transmitting data. In the worst case scenario, mobile station 6 can measure a high C/I at a first time slot, when no base stations 4 were transmitting data to any mobile station 6, and receive data transmission at a second time slot, when all base stations 4 are transmitting data at the same time slot. The C/I measurement at the first time slot, when all base stations 4 are idle, gives a false indication of the forward link signal quality at the second time slot since the status of the data communication system has changed. In fact, the actual C/I at the second time slot can be degraded to the point that reliable decoding at the requested data rate is not possible.

The converse extreme scenario exists when a C/I estimate by mobile station 6 is based on maximal interference. However, the actual transmission occurs when only the selected base station is transmitting. In this case, the C/I estimate and selected data rate are conservative and the transmission occurs at a rate lower than that which could be reliably decoded, thus reducing the transmission efficiency.

In the implementation wherein the C/I measurement is performed on a continuous pilot signal or the traffic signal, the prediction of the C/I at the second time slot based on the measurement of the C/I at the first time slot can be made more accurate by three embodiments. In the first embodiment, data transmissions from base stations 4 are controlled so that base stations 4 do not constantly toggle between the transmit and idle states at successive time slots. This can be achieved by queuing enough data (e.g., a predetermined number of information bits) before actual data transmission to mobile stations 6.

In the second embodiment, each base station 4 transmits a forward activity bit (hereinafter referred to as the FAC bit) which indicates whether a transmission will occur at the next half frame. The use of the FAC bit is described in detail below. Mobile station 6 performs the C/I measurement taking into account the received FAC bit from each base station 4.

In the third embodiment, which corresponds to the scheme wherein an indication of the link quality is transmitted to base station 4 and which uses a centralized scheduling scheme, the scheduling information indicating which ones of base stations 4 transmitted data at each time slot is made available to channel scheduler 48. Channel scheduler 48 receives the C/I measurements from mobile stations 6 and can adjust the C/I measurements based on its knowledge of the presence or absence of data transmission from each base station 4 in the data communication system. For example, mobile station 6 can measure the C/I at the first time slot when no adjacent base stations 4 are transmitting. The measured C/I is provided to channel scheduler 48. Channel scheduler 48 knows that no adjacent base stations 4 transmitted data in the first time slot since none was scheduled by channel scheduler 48. In scheduling data transmission at the second time slot, channel scheduler 48 knows whether one or more adjacent base stations 4 will transmit data. Channel scheduler 48 can adjust the C/I measured at the first time slot to take into account the additional interference mobile station 6 will receive in the second time slot due to data transmissions by adjacent base stations 4. Alternately, if the C/I is measured at the first time slot when adjacent base stations 4 are transmitting and these adjacent base stations 4 are not transmitting at the second time slot, channel scheduler 48 can adjust the C/I measurement to take into account the additional information.

Another important consideration is to minimize redundant retransmissions. Redundant retransmissions can result from allowing mobile station 6 to select data transmission from different base stations 4 at successive time slots. The best C/I measurement can toggle between two or more base stations 4 over successive time slots if mobile station 6 measures approximately equal C/I for these base stations 4. The toggling can be due to deviations in the C/I measurements and/or changes in the channel condition. Data transmission by different base stations 4 at successive time slots can result in a loss in efficiency.

The toggling problem can be addressed by the use of hysteresis. The hysteresis can be implemented with a signal level scheme, a timing scheme, or a combination of the signal level and timing schemes. In the exemplary signal level scheme, the better C/I measurement of a different base station 4 in the active set is not selected unless it exceeds the C/I measurement of the current transmitting base station 4 by at least the hysteresis quantity. As an example, assume that the hysteresis is 1.0 dB and that the C/I measurement of the first base station 4 is 3.5 dB and the C/I measurement of the second base station 4 is 3.0 dB at the first time slot. At the next time slot, the second base station 4 is not selected unless its C/I measurement is at least 1.0 dB higher than that of the first base station 4. Thus, if the C/I measurement of the first base station 4 is still 3.5 dB at the next time slot, the second base station 4 is not selected unless its C/I measurement is at least 4.5 dB.

In the exemplary timing scheme, base station 4 transmits data packets to mobile station 6 for a predetermined number of time slots. Mobile station 6 is not allowed to select a different transmitting base station 4 within the predetermined number of time slots. Mobile station 6 continues to measure the C/I of the current transmitting base station 4 at each time slot and selects the data rate in response to the C/I measurement.

Yet another important consideration is the efficiency of the data transmission. Referring to FIGS. 4E and 4F, each data packet format 410 and 430 contains data and overhead bits. In the exemplary embodiment, the number of overhead bits is fixed for all data rates. At the highest data rate, the percentage of overhead is small relative to the packet size and the efficiency is high. At the lower data rates, the overhead bits can comprise a larger percentage of the packet. The inefficiency at the lower data rates can be improved by transmitting variable length data packets to mobile station 6. The variable length data packets can be partitioned and transmitted to mobile station 6 over multiple time slots. Preferably, the variable length data packets are transmitted to mobile station 6 over successive time slots to simplify the processing. The present invention is directed to the use of various packet sizes for various supported data rates to improve the overall transmission efficiency.

In the exemplary embodiment, base station 4 transmits at the maximum power available to base station 4 and at the maximum data rate supported by the data communication system to a single mobile station 6 at any given slot. The maximum data rate that can be supported is dynamic and depends on the C/I of the forward link signal as measured by mobile station 6. Preferably, base station 4 transmits to only one mobile station 6 at any given time slot.

To facilitate data transmission, the forward link comprises four time multiplexed channels: the pilot channel, power control channel, control channel, and traffic channel. The function and implementation of each of these channels are described below. In the exemplary embodiment, the traffic and power control channels each comprises a number of orthogonally spread Walsh channels. In the present invention, the traffic channel is used to transmit traffic data and paging messages to mobile stations 6. When used to transmit paging messages, the traffic channel is also referred to as the control channel in this specification.

In the exemplary embodiment, the bandwidth of the forward link is selected to be 1.2288 MHz. This bandwidth selection allows the use of existing hardware components designed for a CDMA system which conforms to the IS-95 standard. However, the data communication system of the present invention can be adopted for use with different bandwidths to improve capacity and/or to conform to system requirements. For example, a 5 MHz bandwidth can be utilized to increase the capacity. Furthermore, the bandwidths of the forward link and the reverse link can be different (e.g., 5 MHz bandwidth on the forward link and 1.2288 MHz bandwidth on the reverse link) to more closely match link capacity with demand.

In the exemplary embodiment, the short PNI and PNQ codes are the same length 215 PN codes which are specified by the IS-95 standard. At the 1.2288 MHz chip rate, the short PN sequences repeat every 26.67 msec {26.67 msec=215/1.2288×106}. In the exemplary embodiment, the same short PN codes are used by all base stations 4 within the data communication system. However, each base station 4 is identified by a unique offset of the basic short PN sequences. In the exemplary embodiment, the offset is in increments of 64 chips. Other bandwidth and PN codes can be utilized and are within the scope of the present invention.

A block diagram of the exemplary forward link architecture of the present invention is shown in FIG. 3A. The data is partitioned into data packets and provided to CRC encoder 112. For each data packet, CRC encoder 112 generates frame check bits (e.g., the CRC parity bits) and inserts the code tail bits. The formatted packet from CRC encoder 112 comprises the data, the frame check and code tail bits, and other overhead bits, which are described below. The formatted packet is provided to encoder 114, which, in the exemplary embodiment, encodes the packet in accordance with the encoding format disclosed in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,933,462. Other encoding formats can also be used and are within the scope of the present invention. The encoded packet from encoder 114 is provided to interleaver 116, which reorders the code symbols in the packet. The interleaved packet is provided to frame puncture element 118, which removes a fraction of the packet in the manner described below. The punctured packet is provided to multiplier 120, which scrambles the data with the scrambling sequence from scrambler 122. Puncture element 118 and scrambler 122 are described in detail below. The output from multiplier 120 comprises the scrambled packet.

The scrambled packet is provided to variable rate controller 130, which demultiplexes the packet into K parallel inphase and quadrature channels, where K is dependent on the data rate. In the exemplary embodiment, the scrambled packet is first demultiplexed into the inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) streams. In the exemplary embodiment, the I stream comprises even indexed symbols and the Q stream comprises odd indexed symbol. Each stream is further demultiplexed into K parallel channels such that the symbol rate of each channel is fixed for all data rates. The K channels of each stream are provided to Walsh cover element 132, which covers each channel with a Walsh function to provide orthogonal channels. The orthogonal channel data are provided to gain element 134, which scales the data to maintain a constant total-energy-per-chip (and hence constant output power) for all data rates. The scaled data from gain element 134 is provided to multiplexer (MUX) 160, which multiplexes the data with the preamble. The preamble is discussed in detail below. The output from MUX 160 is provided to multiplexer (MUX) 162, which multiplexes the traffic data, the power control bits, and the pilot data. The output of MUX 162 comprises the I Walsh channels and the Q Walsh channels.

A block diagram of the exemplary modulator used to modulate the data is illustrated in FIG. 3B. The I Walsh channels and Q Walsh channels are provided to summers 212a and 212b, respectively, which sum the K Walsh channels to provide the signals Isum and Qsum, respectively. The Isum and Qsum signals are provided to complex multiplier 214. Complex multiplier 214 also receives the PN_I and PN_Q signals from multipliers 236a and 236b, respectively, and multiplies the two complex inputs in accordance with the following equation:

( I mult + j   Q mult ) =  ( I sum + j   Q sum ) · ( PN_I + j   PN_Q )

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